@article {8484, title = {Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {533}, year = {2016}, month = {2016 May 26}, pages = {539-42}, abstract = {

Educational attainment is strongly influenced by social and other environmental factors, but genetic factors are estimated to account for at least 20\% of the variation across individuals. Here we report the results of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for educational attainment that extends our earlier discovery sample of 101,069 individuals to 293,723 individuals, and a replication study in an independent sample of 111,349 individuals from the UK Biobank. We identify 74 genome-wide significant loci associated with the number of years of schooling completed. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with educational attainment are disproportionately found in genomic regions regulating gene expression in the fetal brain. Candidate genes are preferentially expressed in neural tissue, especially during the prenatal period, and enriched for biological pathways involved in neural development. Our findings demonstrate that, even for a behavioural phenotype that is mostly environmentally determined, a well-powered GWAS identifies replicable associated genetic variants that suggest biologically relevant pathways. Because educational attainment is measured in large numbers of individuals, it will continue to be useful as a proxy phenotype in efforts to characterize the genetic influences of related phenotypes, including cognition and neuropsychiatric diseases.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer Disease, Bipolar Disorder, Brain, Cognition, Computational Biology, Educational Status, Fetus, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene-Environment Interaction, Genome-Wide Association Study, Great Britain, Humans, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Schizophrenia}, issn = {1476-4687}, doi = {10.1038/nature17671}, author = {Okbay, Aysu and Beauchamp, Jonathan P and Fontana, Mark Alan and Lee, James J and Pers, Tune H and Rietveld, Cornelius A and Turley, Patrick and Chen, Guo-Bo and Emilsson, Valur and Meddens, S Fleur W and Oskarsson, Sven and Pickrell, Joseph K and Thom, Kevin and Timshel, Pascal and de Vlaming, Ronald and Abdellaoui, Abdel and Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S and Bacelis, Jonas and Baumbach, Clemens and Bjornsdottir, Gyda and Brandsma, Johannes H and Pina Concas, Maria and Derringer, Jaime and Furlotte, Nicholas A and Galesloot, Tessel E and Girotto, Giorgia and Gupta, Richa and Hall, Leanne M and Harris, Sarah E and Hofer, Edith and Horikoshi, Momoko and Huffman, Jennifer E and Kaasik, Kadri and Kalafati, Ioanna P and Karlsson, Robert and Kong, Augustine and Lahti, Jari and van der Lee, Sven J and deLeeuw, Christiaan and Lind, Penelope A and Lindgren, Karl-Oskar and Liu, Tian and Mangino, Massimo and Marten, Jonathan and Mihailov, Evelin and Miller, Michael B and van der Most, Peter J and Oldmeadow, Christopher and Payton, Antony and Pervjakova, Natalia and Peyrot, Wouter J and Qian, Yong and Raitakari, Olli and Rueedi, Rico and Salvi, Erika and Schmidt, B{\"o}rge and Schraut, Katharina E and Shi, Jianxin and Smith, Albert V and Poot, Raymond A and St Pourcain, Beate and Teumer, Alexander and Thorleifsson, Gudmar and Verweij, Niek and Vuckovic, Dragana and Wellmann, Juergen and Westra, Harm-Jan and Yang, Jingyun and Zhao, Wei and Zhu, Zhihong and Alizadeh, Behrooz Z and Amin, Najaf and Bakshi, Andrew and Baumeister, Sebastian E and Biino, Ginevra and B{\o}nnelykke, Klaus and Boyle, Patricia A and Campbell, Harry and Cappuccio, Francesco P and Davies, Gail and De Neve, Jan-Emmanuel and Deloukas, Panos and Demuth, Ilja and Ding, Jun and Eibich, Peter and Eisele, Lewin and Eklund, Niina and Evans, David M and Faul, Jessica D and Feitosa, Mary F and Forstner, Andreas J and Gandin, Ilaria and Gunnarsson, Bjarni and Halld{\'o}rsson, Bjarni V and Harris, Tamara B and Heath, Andrew C and Hocking, Lynne J and Holliday, Elizabeth G and Homuth, Georg and Horan, Michael A and Hottenga, Jouke-Jan and de Jager, Philip L and Joshi, Peter K and Jugessur, Astanand and Kaakinen, Marika A and K{\"a}h{\"o}nen, Mika and Kanoni, Stavroula and Keltigangas-J{\"a}rvinen, Liisa and Kiemeney, Lambertus A L M and Kolcic, Ivana and Koskinen, Seppo and Kraja, Aldi T and Kroh, Martin and Kutalik, Zolt{\'a}n and Latvala, Antti and Launer, Lenore J and Lebreton, Ma{\"e}l P and Levinson, Douglas F and Lichtenstein, Paul and Lichtner, Peter and Liewald, David C M and Loukola, Anu and Madden, Pamela A and M{\"a}gi, Reedik and M{\"a}ki-Opas, Tomi and Marioni, Riccardo E and Marques-Vidal, Pedro and Meddens, Gerardus A and McMahon, George and Meisinger, Christa and Meitinger, Thomas and Milaneschi, Yusplitri and Milani, Lili and Montgomery, Grant W and Myhre, Ronny and Nelson, Christopher P and Nyholt, Dale R and Ollier, William E R and Palotie, Aarno and Paternoster, Lavinia and Pedersen, Nancy L and Petrovic, Katja E and Porteous, David J and R{\"a}ikk{\"o}nen, Katri and Ring, Susan M and Robino, Antonietta and Rostapshova, Olga and Rudan, Igor and Rustichini, Aldo and Salomaa, Veikko and Sanders, Alan R and Sarin, Antti-Pekka and Schmidt, Helena and Scott, Rodney J and Smith, Blair H and Smith, Jennifer A and Staessen, Jan A and Steinhagen-Thiessen, Elisabeth and Strauch, Konstantin and Terracciano, Antonio and Tobin, Martin D and Ulivi, Sheila and Vaccargiu, Simona and Quaye, Lydia and van Rooij, Frank J A and Venturini, Cristina and Vinkhuyzen, Anna A E and V{\"o}lker, Uwe and V{\"o}lzke, Henry and Vonk, Judith M and Vozzi, Diego and Waage, Johannes and Ware, Erin B and Willemsen, Gonneke and Attia, John R and Bennett, David A and Berger, Klaus and Bertram, Lars and Bisgaard, Hans and Boomsma, Dorret I and Borecki, Ingrid B and B{\"u}ltmann, Ute and Chabris, Christopher F and Cucca, Francesco and Cusi, Daniele and Deary, Ian J and Dedoussis, George V and van Duijn, Cornelia M and Eriksson, Johan G and Franke, Barbara and Franke, Lude and Gasparini, Paolo and Gejman, Pablo V and Gieger, Christian and Grabe, Hans-J{\"o}rgen and Gratten, Jacob and Groenen, Patrick J F and Gudnason, Vilmundur and van der Harst, Pim and Hayward, Caroline and Hinds, David A and Hoffmann, Wolfgang and Hypp{\"o}nen, Elina and Iacono, William G and Jacobsson, Bo and J{\"a}rvelin, Marjo-Riitta and J{\"o}ckel, Karl-Heinz and Kaprio, Jaakko and Kardia, Sharon L R and Lehtim{\"a}ki, Terho and Lehrer, Steven F and Magnusson, Patrik K E and Martin, Nicholas G and McGue, Matt and Metspalu, Andres and Pendleton, Neil and Penninx, Brenda W J H and Perola, Markus and Pirastu, Nicola and Pirastu, Mario and Polasek, Ozren and Posthuma, Danielle and Power, Christine and Province, Michael A and Samani, Nilesh J and Schlessinger, David and Schmidt, Reinhold and S{\o}rensen, Thorkild I A and Spector, Tim D and Stefansson, Kari and Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur and Thurik, A Roy and Timpson, Nicholas J and Tiemeier, Henning and Tung, Joyce Y and Uitterlinden, Andr{\'e} G and Vitart, Veronique and Vollenweider, Peter and Weir, David R and Wilson, James F and Wright, Alan F and Conley, Dalton C and Krueger, Robert F and Davey Smith, George and Hofman, Albert and Laibson, David I and Medland, Sarah E and Meyer, Michelle N and Yang, Jian and Johannesson, Magnus and Visscher, Peter M and Esko, T{\~o}nu and Koellinger, Philipp D and Cesarini, David and Benjamin, Daniel J} } @article {7696, title = {Directional dominance on stature and cognition in~diverse human populations.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {523}, year = {2015}, month = {2015 Jul 23}, pages = {459-62}, abstract = {

Homozygosity has long been associated with rare, often devastating, Mendelian disorders, and Darwin was one of the first to recognize that inbreeding reduces evolutionary fitness. However, the effect of the more distant parental relatedness that is common in modern human populations is less well understood. Genomic data now allow us to investigate the effects of homozygosity on traits of public health importance by observing contiguous homozygous segments (runs of homozygosity), which are inferred to be homozygous along their complete length. Given the low levels of genome-wide homozygosity prevalent in most human populations, information is required on very large numbers of people to provide sufficient power. Here we use runs of homozygosity to study 16 health-related quantitative traits in 354,224 individuals from 102 cohorts, and find statistically significant associations between summed runs~of homozygosity and four complex traits: height, forced expiratory lung volume in one second, general cognitive ability and educational attainment (P < 1 {\texttimes} 10(-300), 2.1 {\texttimes} 10(-6), 2.5 {\texttimes} 10(-10) and 1.8 {\texttimes} 10(-10), respectively). In each case, increased homozygosity was associated with decreased trait value, equivalent to the offspring of first cousins being 1.2 cm shorter and having 10 months{\textquoteright} less education. Similar effect sizes were found across four continental groups and populations with different degrees of genome-wide homozygosity, providing evidence that homozygosity, rather than confounding, directly contributes to phenotypic variance. Contrary to earlier reports in substantially smaller samples, no evidence was seen of an influence of genome-wide homozygosity on blood pressure and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, or ten other cardio-metabolic traits. Since directional dominance is predicted for traits under directional evolutionary selection, this study provides evidence that increased stature and cognitive function have been positively selected in human evolution, whereas many important risk factors for late-onset complex diseases may not have been.

}, keywords = {Biological Evolution, Blood Pressure, Body Height, Cholesterol, LDL, Cognition, Cohort Studies, Educational Status, Female, Forced Expiratory Volume, Genome, Human, Homozygote, Humans, Lung Volume Measurements, Male, Phenotype}, issn = {1476-4687}, doi = {10.1038/nature14618}, author = {Joshi, Peter K and Esko, T{\~o}nu and Mattsson, Hannele and Eklund, Niina and Gandin, Ilaria and Nutile, Teresa and Jackson, Anne U and Schurmann, Claudia and Smith, Albert V and Zhang, Weihua and Okada, Yukinori and Stan{\v c}{\'a}kov{\'a}, Alena and Faul, Jessica D and Zhao, Wei and Bartz, Traci M and Concas, Maria Pina and Franceschini, Nora and Enroth, Stefan and Vitart, Veronique and Trompet, Stella and Guo, Xiuqing and Chasman, Daniel I and O{\textquoteright}Connel, Jeffrey R and Corre, Tanguy and Nongmaithem, Suraj S and Chen, Yuning and Mangino, Massimo and Ruggiero, Daniela and Traglia, Michela and Farmaki, Aliki-Eleni and Kacprowski, Tim and Bjonnes, Andrew and van der Spek, Ashley and Wu, Ying and Giri, Anil K and Yanek, Lisa R and Wang, Lihua and Hofer, Edith and Rietveld, Cornelius A and McLeod, Olga and Cornelis, Marilyn C and Pattaro, Cristian and Verweij, Niek and Baumbach, Clemens and Abdellaoui, Abdel and Warren, Helen R and Vuckovic, Dragana and Mei, Hao and Bouchard, Claude and Perry, John R B and Cappellani, Stefania and Mirza, Saira S and Benton, Miles C and Broeckel, Ulrich and Medland, Sarah E and Lind, Penelope A and Malerba, Giovanni and Drong, Alexander and Yengo, Loic and Bielak, Lawrence F and Zhi, Degui and van der Most, Peter J and Shriner, Daniel and M{\"a}gi, Reedik and Hemani, Gibran and Karaderi, Tugce and Wang, Zhaoming and Liu, Tian and Demuth, Ilja and Zhao, Jing Hua and Meng, Weihua and Lataniotis, Lazaros and van der Laan, Sander W and Bradfield, Jonathan P and Wood, Andrew R and Bonnefond, Amelie and Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S and Hall, Leanne M and Salvi, Erika and Yazar, Seyhan and Carstensen, Lisbeth and de Haan, Hugoline G and Abney, Mark and Afzal, Uzma and Allison, Matthew A and Amin, Najaf and Asselbergs, Folkert W and Bakker, Stephan J L and Barr, R Graham and Baumeister, Sebastian E and Benjamin, Daniel J and Bergmann, Sven and Boerwinkle, Eric and Bottinger, Erwin P and Campbell, Archie and Chakravarti, Aravinda and Chan, Yingleong and Chanock, Stephen J and Chen, Constance and Chen, Y-D Ida and Collins, Francis S and Connell, John and Correa, Adolfo and Cupples, L Adrienne and Smith, George Davey and Davies, Gail and D{\"o}rr, Marcus and Ehret, Georg and Ellis, Stephen B and Feenstra, Bjarke and Feitosa, Mary F and Ford, Ian and Fox, Caroline S and Frayling, Timothy M and Friedrich, Nele and Geller, Frank and Scotland, Generation and Gillham-Nasenya, Irina and Gottesman, Omri and Graff, Misa and Grodstein, Francine and Gu, Charles and Haley, Chris and Hammond, Christopher J and Harris, Sarah E and Harris, Tamara B and Hastie, Nicholas D and Heard-Costa, Nancy L and Heikkil{\"a}, Kauko and Hocking, Lynne J and Homuth, Georg and Hottenga, Jouke-Jan and Huang, Jinyan and Huffman, Jennifer E and Hysi, Pirro G and Ikram, M Arfan and Ingelsson, Erik and Joensuu, Anni and Johansson, {\r A}sa and Jousilahti, Pekka and Jukema, J Wouter and K{\"a}h{\"o}nen, Mika and Kamatani, Yoichiro and Kanoni, Stavroula and Kerr, Shona M and Khan, Nazir M and Koellinger, Philipp and Koistinen, Heikki A and Kooner, Manraj K and Kubo, Michiaki and Kuusisto, Johanna and Lahti, Jari and Launer, Lenore J and Lea, Rodney A and Lehne, Benjamin and Lehtim{\"a}ki, Terho and Liewald, David C M and Lind, Lars and Loh, Marie and Lokki, Marja-Liisa and London, Stephanie J and Loomis, Stephanie J and Loukola, Anu and Lu, Yingchang and Lumley, Thomas and Lundqvist, Annamari and M{\"a}nnist{\"o}, Satu and Marques-Vidal, Pedro and Masciullo, Corrado and Matchan, Angela and Mathias, Rasika A and Matsuda, Koichi and Meigs, James B and Meisinger, Christa and Meitinger, Thomas and Menni, Cristina and Mentch, Frank D and Mihailov, Evelin and Milani, Lili and Montasser, May E and Montgomery, Grant W and Morrison, Alanna and Myers, Richard H and Nadukuru, Rajiv and Navarro, Pau and Nelis, Mari and Nieminen, Markku S and Nolte, Ilja M and O{\textquoteright}Connor, George T and Ogunniyi, Adesola and Padmanabhan, Sandosh and Palmas, Walter R and Pankow, James S and Patarcic, Inga and Pavani, Francesca and Peyser, Patricia A and Pietilainen, Kirsi and Poulter, Neil and Prokopenko, Inga and Ralhan, Sarju and Redmond, Paul and Rich, Stephen S and Rissanen, Harri and Robino, Antonietta and Rose, Lynda M and Rose, Richard and Sala, Cinzia and Salako, Babatunde and Salomaa, Veikko and Sarin, Antti-Pekka and Saxena, Richa and Schmidt, Helena and Scott, Laura J and Scott, William R and Sennblad, Bengt and Seshadri, Sudha and Sever, Peter and Shrestha, Smeeta and Smith, Blair H and Smith, Jennifer A and Soranzo, Nicole and Sotoodehnia, Nona and Southam, Lorraine and Stanton, Alice V and Stathopoulou, Maria G and Strauch, Konstantin and Strawbridge, Rona J and Suderman, Matthew J and Tandon, Nikhil and Tang, Sian-Tsun and Taylor, Kent D and Tayo, Bamidele O and T{\"o}glhofer, Anna Maria and Tomaszewski, Maciej and T{\v s}ernikova, Natalia and Tuomilehto, Jaakko and Uitterlinden, Andr{\'e} G and Vaidya, Dhananjay and van Hylckama Vlieg, Astrid and van Setten, Jessica and Vasankari, Tuula and Vedantam, Sailaja and Vlachopoulou, Efthymia and Vozzi, Diego and Vuoksimaa, Eero and Waldenberger, Melanie and Ware, Erin B and Wentworth-Shields, William and Whitfield, John B and Wild, Sarah and Willemsen, Gonneke and Yajnik, Chittaranjan S and Yao, Jie and Zaza, Gianluigi and Zhu, Xiaofeng and Salem, Rany M and Melbye, Mads and Bisgaard, Hans and Samani, Nilesh J and Cusi, Daniele and Mackey, David A and Cooper, Richard S and Froguel, Philippe and Pasterkamp, Gerard and Grant, Struan F A and Hakonarson, Hakon and Ferrucci, Luigi and Scott, Robert A and Morris, Andrew D and Palmer, Colin N A and Dedoussis, George and Deloukas, Panos and Bertram, Lars and Lindenberger, Ulman and Berndt, Sonja I and Lindgren, Cecilia M and Timpson, Nicholas J and T{\"o}njes, Anke and Munroe, Patricia B and S{\o}rensen, Thorkild I A and Rotimi, Charles N and Arnett, Donna K and Oldehinkel, Albertine J and Kardia, Sharon L R and Balkau, Beverley and Gambaro, Giovanni and Morris, Andrew P and Eriksson, Johan G and Wright, Margie J and Martin, Nicholas G and Hunt, Steven C and Starr, John M and Deary, Ian J and Griffiths, Lyn R and Tiemeier, Henning and Pirastu, Nicola and Kaprio, Jaakko and Wareham, Nicholas J and P{\'e}russe, Louis and Wilson, James G and Girotto, Giorgia and Caulfield, Mark J and Raitakari, Olli and Boomsma, Dorret I and Gieger, Christian and van der Harst, Pim and Hicks, Andrew A and Kraft, Peter and Sinisalo, Juha and Knekt, Paul and Johannesson, Magnus and Magnusson, Patrik K E and Hamsten, Anders and Schmidt, Reinhold and Borecki, Ingrid B and Vartiainen, Erkki and Becker, Diane M and Bharadwaj, Dwaipayan and Mohlke, Karen L and Boehnke, Michael and van Duijn, Cornelia M and Sanghera, Dharambir K and Teumer, Alexander and Zeggini, Eleftheria and Metspalu, Andres and Gasparini, Paolo and Ulivi, Sheila and Ober, Carole and Toniolo, Daniela and Rudan, Igor and Porteous, David J and Ciullo, Marina and Spector, Tim D and Hayward, Caroline and Dupuis, Jos{\'e}e and Loos, Ruth J F and Wright, Alan F and Chandak, Giriraj R and Vollenweider, Peter and Shuldiner, Alan R and Ridker, Paul M and Rotter, Jerome I and Sattar, Naveed and Gyllensten, Ulf and North, Kari E and Pirastu, Mario and Psaty, Bruce M and Weir, David R and Laakso, Markku and Gudnason, Vilmundur and Takahashi, Atsushi and Chambers, John C and Kooner, Jaspal S and Strachan, David P and Campbell, Harry and Hirschhorn, Joel N and Perola, Markus and Polasek, Ozren and Wilson, James F} } @article {3593, title = {Parent-of-origin-specific allelic associations among 106 genomic loci for age at menarche.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {514}, year = {2014}, month = {2014 Oct 2}, pages = {92-7}, abstract = {

Age at menarche is a marker of timing of puberty in females. It varies widely between individuals, is a heritable trait and is associated with risks for obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, breast cancer and all-cause mortality. Studies of rare human disorders of puberty and animal models point to a complex hypothalamic-pituitary-hormonal regulation, but the mechanisms that determine pubertal timing and underlie its links to disease risk remain unclear. Here, using genome-wide and custom-genotyping arrays in up to 182,416 women of European descent from 57 studies, we found robust evidence (P < 5 {\texttimes} 10(-8)) for 123 signals at 106 genomic loci associated with age at menarche. Many loci were associated with other pubertal traits in both sexes, and there was substantial overlap with genes implicated in body mass index and various diseases, including rare disorders of puberty. Menarche signals were enriched in imprinted regions, with three loci (DLK1-WDR25, MKRN3-MAGEL2 and KCNK9) demonstrating parent-of-origin-specific associations concordant with known parental expression patterns. Pathway analyses implicated nuclear hormone receptors, particularly retinoic acid and γ-aminobutyric acid-B2 receptor signalling, among novel mechanisms that regulate pubertal timing in humans. Our findings suggest a genetic architecture involving at least hundreds of common variants in the coordinated timing of the pubertal transition.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Age Factors, Alleles, Body Mass Index, Breast Neoplasms, Cardiovascular Diseases, Child, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Europe, Female, Genetic Loci, Genome-Wide Association Study, Genomic Imprinting, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Male, Membrane Proteins, Menarche, Obesity, Ovary, Parents, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Potassium Channels, Tandem Pore Domain, Proteins, Quantitative Trait Loci, Receptors, GABA-B, Receptors, Retinoic Acid, Ribonucleoproteins}, issn = {1476-4687}, doi = {10.1038/nature13545}, author = {Perry, John R B and Day, Felix and Elks, Cathy E and Sulem, Patrick and Thompson, Deborah J and Ferreira, Teresa and He, Chunyan and Chasman, Daniel I and Esko, T{\~o}nu and Thorleifsson, Gudmar and Albrecht, Eva and Ang, Wei Q and Corre, Tanguy and Cousminer, Diana L and Feenstra, Bjarke and Franceschini, Nora and Ganna, Andrea and Johnson, Andrew D and Kjellqvist, Sanela and Lunetta, Kathryn L and McMahon, George and Nolte, Ilja M and Paternoster, Lavinia and Porcu, Eleonora and Smith, Albert V and Stolk, Lisette and Teumer, Alexander and T{\v s}ernikova, Natalia and Tikkanen, Emmi and Ulivi, Sheila and Wagner, Erin K and Amin, Najaf and Bierut, Laura J and Byrne, Enda M and Hottenga, Jouke-Jan and Koller, Daniel L and Mangino, Massimo and Pers, Tune H and Yerges-Armstrong, Laura M and Hua Zhao, Jing and Andrulis, Irene L and Anton-Culver, Hoda and Atsma, Femke and Bandinelli, Stefania and Beckmann, Matthias W and Benitez, Javier and Blomqvist, Carl and Bojesen, Stig E and Bolla, Manjeet K and Bonanni, Bernardo and Brauch, Hiltrud and Brenner, Hermann and Buring, Julie E and Chang-Claude, Jenny and Chanock, Stephen and Chen, Jinhui and Chenevix-Trench, Georgia and Coll{\'e}e, J Margriet and Couch, Fergus J and Couper, David and Coviello, Andrea D and Cox, Angela and Czene, Kamila and d{\textquoteright}Adamo, Adamo Pio and Davey Smith, George and De Vivo, Immaculata and Demerath, Ellen W and Dennis, Joe and Devilee, Peter and Dieffenbach, Aida K and Dunning, Alison M and Eiriksdottir, Gudny and Eriksson, Johan G and Fasching, Peter A and Ferrucci, Luigi and Flesch-Janys, Dieter and Flyger, Henrik and Foroud, Tatiana and Franke, Lude and Garcia, Melissa E and Garc{\'\i}a-Closas, Montserrat and Geller, Frank and de Geus, Eco E J and Giles, Graham G and Gudbjartsson, Daniel F and Gudnason, Vilmundur and Guenel, Pascal and Guo, Suiqun and Hall, Per and Hamann, Ute and Haring, Robin and Hartman, Catharina A and Heath, Andrew C and Hofman, Albert and Hooning, Maartje J and Hopper, John L and Hu, Frank B and Hunter, David J and Karasik, David and Kiel, Douglas P and Knight, Julia A and Kosma, Veli-Matti and Kutalik, Zolt{\'a}n and Lai, Sandra and Lambrechts, Diether and Lindblom, Annika and M{\"a}gi, Reedik and Magnusson, Patrik K and Mannermaa, Arto and Martin, Nicholas G and Masson, Gisli and McArdle, Patrick F and McArdle, Wendy L and Melbye, Mads and Michailidou, Kyriaki and Mihailov, Evelin and Milani, Lili and Milne, Roger L and Nevanlinna, Heli and Neven, Patrick and Nohr, Ellen A and Oldehinkel, Albertine J and Oostra, Ben A and Palotie, Aarno and Peacock, Munro and Pedersen, Nancy L and Peterlongo, Paolo and Peto, Julian and Pharoah, Paul D P and Postma, Dirkje S and Pouta, Anneli and Pylk{\"a}s, Katri and Radice, Paolo and Ring, Susan and Rivadeneira, Fernando and Robino, Antonietta and Rose, Lynda M and Rudolph, Anja and Salomaa, Veikko and Sanna, Serena and Schlessinger, David and Schmidt, Marjanka K and Southey, Mellissa C and Sovio, Ulla and Stampfer, Meir J and St{\"o}ckl, Doris and Storniolo, Anna M and Timpson, Nicholas J and Tyrer, Jonathan and Visser, Jenny A and Vollenweider, Peter and V{\"o}lzke, Henry and Waeber, Gerard and Waldenberger, Melanie and Wallaschofski, Henri and Wang, Qin and Willemsen, Gonneke and Winqvist, Robert and Wolffenbuttel, Bruce H R and Wright, Margaret J and Boomsma, Dorret I and Econs, Michael J and Khaw, Kay-Tee and Loos, Ruth J F and McCarthy, Mark I and Montgomery, Grant W and Rice, John P and Streeten, Elizabeth A and Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur and van Duijn, Cornelia M and Alizadeh, Behrooz Z and Bergmann, Sven and Boerwinkle, Eric and Boyd, Heather A and Crisponi, Laura and Gasparini, Paolo and Gieger, Christian and Harris, Tamara B and Ingelsson, Erik and J{\"a}rvelin, Marjo-Riitta and Kraft, Peter and Lawlor, Debbie and Metspalu, Andres and Pennell, Craig E and Ridker, Paul M and Snieder, Harold and S{\o}rensen, Thorkild I A and Spector, Tim D and Strachan, David P and Uitterlinden, Andr{\'e} G and Wareham, Nicholas J and Widen, Elisabeth and Zygmunt, Marek and Murray, Anna and Easton, Douglas F and Stefansson, Kari and Murabito, Joanne M and Ong, Ken K} }