@article {10547, title = {An Update on the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis in Children.}, journal = {Paediatr Drugs}, volume = {19}, year = {2017}, month = {2017 Jun}, pages = {165-172}, abstract = {

Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO), also known as chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis (CNO), is a rare inflammatory disorder that primarily affects children. It is characterized by pain, local bone expansion, and radiological findings suggestive of osteomyelitis, usually at multiple sites. CRMO predominantly affects the metaphyses of long bones, but involvement of the clavicle or mandible are suggestive of the diagnosis. CRMO is a diagnosis of exclusion, and its pathogenesis remains unknown. Differential diagnosis includes infection, malignancies, benign bone tumors, metabolic disorders, and other autoinflammatory disorders. Biopsy of the bone lesion is not often required but could be necessary in unclear cases, especially for differentiation from bone neoplasia. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the first-line treatment. Alternative therapies have been used, including corticosteroids, methotrexate, bisphosphonates, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibitors. No guidelines have been established regarding diagnosis and treatment options. This manuscript gives an overview of the most recent findings on the pathogenesis of CRMO and clinical approaches for patients with the condition.

}, keywords = {Adrenal Cortex Hormones, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal, Child, Chronic Disease, Diagnosis, Differential, Humans, Osteomyelitis, Recurrence, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha}, issn = {1179-2019}, doi = {10.1007/s40272-017-0226-4}, author = {Taddio, Andrea and Zennaro, Floriana and Pastore, Serena and Cimaz, Rolando} } @article {1764, title = {Usefulness of wireless capsule endoscopy for detecting inflammatory bowel disease in children presenting with arthropathy.}, journal = {Eur J Pediatr}, volume = {170}, year = {2011}, month = {2011 Oct}, pages = {1343-7}, abstract = {

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a cause of chronic intestinal inflammation in children. In a subset of patients affected by IBD, arthropathy may be the leading presenting sign. In the past years, remarkable advances in gastrointestinal endoscopy techniques have been achieved; recently, the development of capsule endoscopy (CE) provided a non-invasive method for the complete endoscopic evaluation, including small bowel assessment. We report three children suffering from IBD but presenting with articular complaints in whom CE was a useful tool for detecting gut inflammation. Patients were investigated with the wireless CE: PillCam SB2 (Given Imaging, Yoqneam, Israel) capsule, the second-generation capsule, was used in our paediatric patients. Three patients were initially evaluated for arthropathy. Enteropathic arthritis was suspected for gastrointestinal symptoms and/or persistence of inflammatory markers elevation. In one of these children, conventional endoscopy was refused by parents, while in the other two children, CE was proposed as first-line diagnostic tool. In all patients, CE revealed to be safe and provided information that led to diagnosis. Paediatric rheumatologists should consider CE as a valid, non-invasive tool, eventually first level diagnostic approach in order to evaluate the presence of IBD in children presenting with chronic articular complaints.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Arthritis, Juvenile, Capsule Endoscopy, Child, Colitis, Ulcerative, Colon, Crohn Disease, Diagnosis, Differential, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Intestine, Small, Male, Predictive Value of Tests, Sensitivity and Specificity, Severity of Illness Index, Treatment Outcome}, issn = {1432-1076}, doi = {10.1007/s00431-011-1505-7}, author = {Taddio, Andrea and Simonini, Gabriele and Lionetti, Paolo and Lepore, Loredana and Martelossi, Stefano and Ventura, Alessandro and Cimaz, Rolando} } @article {1711, title = {The universe of immune deficiencies in Crohn{\textquoteright}s disease: a new viewpoint for an old disease?}, journal = {Scand J Gastroenterol}, volume = {45}, year = {2010}, month = {2010 Oct}, pages = {1141-9}, abstract = {

Crohn{\textquoteright}s disease (CD) is generally considered a multifactorial disorder, since different genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role in its pathogenesis. Recently, genome wide linkage studies allowed to identify the association of several loci with the increased risk of CD, although it is still unclear how they interact with environmental factors in causing the disease. The fact that many CD-risk-related genes are involved in the function of phagocytes seems in agreement with the well known role of these cells in CD histopathology. Functional defects in cytokine production or in clearance of bacteria in CD patients have recently been reported. Growing evidence that CD could arise from primary phagocyte immunodeficiency is also coming from the study of cases with early onset in infancy. We review such evidences starting from selected cases and discuss the clinical implications of these findings.

}, keywords = {Biological Markers, Crohn Disease, Cytokines, Evidence-Based Medicine, Granulomatous Disease, Chronic, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Humans, Immunosuppressive Agents, Phagocytes, Treatment Outcome, Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome}, issn = {1502-7708}, doi = {10.3109/00365521.2010.492529}, author = {Tommasini, Alberto and Pirrone, Angela and Palla, Gabriella and Taddio, Andrea and Martelossi, Stefano and Crovella, Sergio and Ventura, Alessandro} } @article {1618, title = {Use of ketamine continuous infusion for pediatric sedation in septic shock.}, journal = {Pediatr Emerg Care}, volume = {26}, year = {2010}, month = {2010 Sep}, pages = {689-90}, keywords = {Anesthetics, Dissociative, Child, Conscious Sedation, Humans, Infusions, Intravenous, Ketamine, Male, Shock, Septic}, issn = {1535-1815}, doi = {10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181f196e6}, author = {Barbi, Egidio and Rizzello, Elisa and Taddio, Andrea} }