@article {10524, title = {Child and Adolescent Health From 1990 to 2015: Findings From the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2015 Study.}, journal = {JAMA Pediatr}, volume = {171}, year = {2017}, month = {2017 Jun 01}, pages = {573-592}, abstract = {

Importance: Comprehensive and timely monitoring of disease burden in all age groups, including children and adolescents, is essential for improving population health.

Objective: To quantify and describe levels and trends of mortality and nonfatal health outcomes among children and adolescents from 1990 to 2015 to provide a framework for policy discussion.

Evidence Review: Cause-specific mortality and nonfatal health outcomes were analyzed for 195 countries and territories by age group, sex, and year from 1990 to 2015 using standardized approaches for data processing and statistical modeling, with subsequent analysis of the findings to describe levels and trends across geography and time among children and adolescents 19 years or younger. A composite indicator of income, education, and fertility was developed (Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) for each geographic unit and year, which evaluates the historical association between SDI and health loss.

Findings: Global child and adolescent mortality decreased from 14.18 million (95\% uncertainty interval [UI], 14.09 million to 14.28 million) deaths in 1990 to 7.26 million (95\% UI, 7.14 million to 7.39 million) deaths in 2015, but progress has been unevenly distributed. Countries with a lower SDI had a larger proportion of mortality burden (75\%) in 2015 than was the case in 1990 (61\%). Most deaths in 2015 occurred in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Global trends were driven by reductions in mortality owing to infectious, nutritional, and neonatal disorders, which in the aggregate led to a relative increase in the importance of noncommunicable diseases and injuries in explaining global disease burden. The absolute burden of disability in children and adolescents increased 4.3\% (95\% UI, 3.1\%-5.6\%) from 1990 to 2015, with much of the increase owing to population growth and improved survival for children and adolescents to older ages. Other than infectious conditions, many top causes of disability are associated with long-term sequelae of conditions present at birth (eg, neonatal disorders, congenital birth defects, and hemoglobinopathies) and complications of a variety of infections and nutritional deficiencies. Anemia, developmental intellectual disability, hearing loss, epilepsy, and vision loss are important contributors to childhood disability that can arise from multiple causes. Maternal and reproductive health remains a key cause of disease burden in adolescent females, especially in lower-SDI countries. In low-SDI countries, mortality is the primary driver of health loss for children and adolescents, whereas disability predominates in higher-SDI locations; the specific pattern of epidemiological transition varies across diseases and injuries.

Conclusions and Relevance: Consistent international attention and investment have led to sustained improvements in causes of health loss among children and adolescents in many countries, although progress has been uneven. The persistence of infectious diseases in some countries, coupled with ongoing epidemiologic transition to injuries and noncommunicable diseases, require all countries to carefully evaluate and implement appropriate strategies to maximize the health of their children and adolescents and for the international community to carefully consider which elements of child and adolescent health should be monitored.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adolescent Health, Age Factors, Cause of Death, Child, Child Health, Child Mortality, Disabled Children, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Humans, Male, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Wounds and Injuries}, issn = {2168-6211}, doi = {10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0250}, author = {Kassebaum, Nicholas and Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe and Zoeckler, Leo and Olsen, Helen Elizabeth and Thomas, Katie and Pinho, Christine and Bhutta, Zulfiqar A and Dandona, Lalit and Ferrari, Alize and Ghiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde and Hay, Simon I and Kinfu, Yohannes and Liang, Xiaofeng and Lopez, Alan and Malta, Deborah Carvalho and Mokdad, Ali H and Naghavi, Mohsen and Patton, George C and Salomon, Joshua and Sartorius, Benn and Topor-Madry, Roman and Vollset, Stein Emil and Werdecker, Andrea and Whiteford, Harvey A and Abate, Kalkidan Hasen and Abbas, Kaja and Damtew, Solomon Abrha and Ahmed, Muktar Beshir and Akseer, Nadia and Al-Raddadi, Rajaa and Alemayohu, Mulubirhan Assefa and Altirkawi, Khalid and Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu and Amare, Azmeraw T and Antonio, Carl A T and Arnl{\"o}v, Johan and Artaman, Al and Asayesh, Hamid and Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur and Awasthi, Ashish and Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina and Bacha, Umar and Betsu, Balem Demtsu and Barac, Aleksandra and B{\"a}rnighausen, Till Winfried and Baye, Estifanos and Bedi, Neeraj and Bensenor, Isabela M and Berhane, Adugnaw and Bernabe, Eduardo and Bernal, Oscar Alberto and Beyene, Addisu Shunu and Biadgilign, Sibhatu and Bikbov, Boris and Boyce, Cheryl Anne and Brazinova, Alexandra and Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa and Carter, Austin and Casta{\~n}eda-Orjuela, Carlos A and Catal{\'a}-L{\'o}pez, Ferr{\'a}n and Charlson, Fiona J and Chitheer, Abdulaal A and Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine and Ciobanu, Liliana G and Crump, John and Dandona, Rakhi and Dellavalle, Robert P and Deribew, Amare and deVeber, Gabrielle and Dicker, Daniel and Ding, Eric L and Dubey, Manisha and Endries, Amanuel Yesuf and Erskine, Holly E and Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino and Faro, Andre and Farzadfar, Farshad and Fernandes, Joao C and Fijabi, Daniel Obadare and Fitzmaurice, Christina and Fleming, Thomas D and Flor, Luisa Sorio and Foreman, Kyle J and Franklin, Richard C and Fraser, Maya S and Frostad, Joseph J and Fullman, Nancy and Gebregergs, Gebremedhin Berhe and Gebru, Alemseged Aregay and Geleijnse, Johanna M and Gibney, Katherine B and Gidey Yihdego, Mahari and Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed and Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo and Gizachew, Tessema Assefa and Glaser, Elizabeth and Gold, Audra L and Goldberg, Ellen and Gona, Philimon and Goto, Atsushi and Gugnani, Harish Chander and Jiang, Guohong and Gupta, Rajeev and Tesfay, Fisaha Haile and Hankey, Graeme J and Havmoeller, Rasmus and Hijar, Martha and Horino, Masako and Hosgood, H Dean and Hu, Guoqing and Jacobsen, Kathryn H and Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B and Jayaraman, Sudha P and Jha, Vivekanand and Jibat, Tariku and Johnson, Catherine O and Jonas, Jost and Kasaeian, Amir and Kawakami, Norito and Keiyoro, Peter N and Khalil, Ibrahim and Khang, Young-Ho and Khubchandani, Jagdish and Ahmad Kiadaliri, Aliasghar A and Kieling, Christian and Kim, Daniel and Kissoon, Niranjan and Knibbs, Luke D and Koyanagi, Ai and Krohn, Kristopher J and Kuate Defo, Barthelemy and Kucuk Bicer, Burcu and Kulikoff, Rachel and Kumar, G Anil and Lal, Dharmesh Kumar and Lam, Hilton Y and Larson, Heidi J and Larsson, Anders and Laryea, Dennis Odai and Leung, Janni and Lim, Stephen S and Lo, Loon-Tzian and Lo, Warren D and Looker, Katharine J and Lotufo, Paulo A and Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan and Malekzadeh, Reza and Markos Shifti, Desalegn and Mazidi, Mohsen and Meaney, Peter A and Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam and Memiah, Peter and Mendoza, Walter and Abera Mengistie, Mubarek and Mengistu, Gebremichael Welday and Mensah, George A and Miller, Ted R and Mock, Charles and Mohammadi, Alireza and Mohammed, Shafiu and Monasta, Lorenzo and Mueller, Ulrich and Nagata, Chie and Naheed, Aliya and Nguyen, Grant and Nguyen, Quyen Le and Nsoesie, Elaine and Oh, In-Hwan and Okoro, Anselm and Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun and Olusanya, Bolajoko O and Ortiz, Alberto and Paudel, Deepak and Pereira, David M and Perico, Norberto and Petzold, Max and Phillips, Michael Robert and Polanczyk, Guilherme V and Pourmalek, Farshad and Qorbani, Mostafa and Rafay, Anwar and Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa and Rahman, Mahfuzar and Rai, Rajesh Kumar and Ram, Usha and Rankin, Zane and Remuzzi, Giuseppe and Renzaho, Andre M N and Roba, Hirbo Shore and Rojas-Rueda, David and Ronfani, Luca and Sagar, Rajesh and Sanabria, Juan Ramon and Kedir Mohammed, Muktar Sano and Santos, Itamar S and Satpathy, Maheswar and Sawhney, Monika and Sch{\"o}ttker, Ben and Schwebel, David C and Scott, James G and Sepanlou, Sadaf G and Shaheen, Amira and Shaikh, Masood Ali and She, June and Shiri, Rahman and Shiue, Ivy and Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora and Singh, Jasvinder and Silpakit, Naris and Smith, Alison and Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar and Stanaway, Jeffrey D and Stein, Dan J and Steiner, Caitlyn and Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale and Swaminathan, Soumya and Tabar{\'e}s-Seisdedos, Rafael and Tabb, Karen M and Tadese, Fentaw and Tavakkoli, Mohammad and Taye, Bineyam and Teeple, Stephanie and Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw and Temam Shifa, Girma and Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman and Thomas, Bernadette and Thomson, Alan J and Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan and Tonelli, Marcello and Tran, Bach Xuan and Troeger, Christopher and Ukwaja, Kingsley N and Uthman, Olalekan and Vasankari, Tommi and Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy and Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich and Weiderpass, Elisabete and Weintraub, Robert and Gebrehiwot, Solomon Weldemariam and Westerman, Ronny and Williams, Hywel C and Wolfe, Charles D A and Woodbrook, Rachel and Yano, Yuichiro and Yonemoto, Naohiro and Yoon, Seok-Jun and Younis, Mustafa Z and Yu, Chuanhua and Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed and Zegeye, Elias Asfaw and Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna and Murray, Christopher J L and Vos, Theo} } @article {3576, title = {Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {384}, year = {2014}, month = {2014 Sep 13}, pages = {1005-70}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: The Millennium Declaration in 2000 brought special global attention to HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria through the formulation of Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 6. The Global Burden of Disease 2013 study provides a consistent and comprehensive approach to disease estimation for between 1990 and 2013, and an opportunity to assess whether accelerated progress has occured since the Millennium Declaration.

METHODS: To estimate incidence and mortality for HIV, we used the UNAIDS Spectrum model appropriately modified based on a systematic review of available studies of mortality with and without antiretroviral therapy (ART). For concentrated epidemics, we calibrated Spectrum models to fit vital registration data corrected for misclassification of HIV deaths. In generalised epidemics, we minimised a loss function to select epidemic curves most consistent with prevalence data and demographic data for all-cause mortality. We analysed counterfactual scenarios for HIV to assess years of life saved through prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and ART. For tuberculosis, we analysed vital registration and verbal autopsy data to estimate mortality using cause of death ensemble modelling. We analysed data for corrected case-notifications, expert opinions on the case-detection rate, prevalence surveys, and estimated cause-specific mortality using Bayesian meta-regression to generate consistent trends in all parameters. We analysed malaria mortality and incidence using an updated cause of death database, a systematic analysis of verbal autopsy validation studies for malaria, and recent studies (2010-13) of incidence, drug resistance, and coverage of insecticide-treated bednets.

FINDINGS: Globally in 2013, there were 1{\textperiodcentered}8 million new HIV infections (95\% uncertainty interval 1{\textperiodcentered}7 million to 2{\textperiodcentered}1 million), 29{\textperiodcentered}2 million prevalent HIV cases (28{\textperiodcentered}1 to 31{\textperiodcentered}7), and 1{\textperiodcentered}3 million HIV deaths (1{\textperiodcentered}3 to 1{\textperiodcentered}5). At the peak of the epidemic in 2005, HIV caused 1{\textperiodcentered}7 million deaths (1{\textperiodcentered}6 million to 1{\textperiodcentered}9 million). Concentrated epidemics in Latin America and eastern Europe are substantially smaller than previously estimated. Through interventions including PMTCT and ART, 19{\textperiodcentered}1 million life-years (16{\textperiodcentered}6 million to 21{\textperiodcentered}5 million) have been saved, 70{\textperiodcentered}3\% (65{\textperiodcentered}4 to 76{\textperiodcentered}1) in developing countries. From 2000 to 2011, the ratio of development assistance for health for HIV to years of life saved through intervention was US$4498 in developing countries. Including in HIV-positive individuals, all-form tuberculosis incidence was 7{\textperiodcentered}5 million (7{\textperiodcentered}4 million to 7{\textperiodcentered}7 million), prevalence was 11{\textperiodcentered}9 million (11{\textperiodcentered}6 million to 12{\textperiodcentered}2 million), and number of deaths was 1{\textperiodcentered}4 million (1{\textperiodcentered}3 million to 1{\textperiodcentered}5 million) in 2013. In the same year and in only individuals who were HIV-negative, all-form tuberculosis incidence was 7{\textperiodcentered}1 million (6{\textperiodcentered}9 million to 7{\textperiodcentered}3 million), prevalence was 11{\textperiodcentered}2 million (10{\textperiodcentered}8 million to 11{\textperiodcentered}6 million), and number of deaths was 1{\textperiodcentered}3 million (1{\textperiodcentered}2 million to 1{\textperiodcentered}4 million). Annualised rates of change (ARC) for incidence, prevalence, and death became negative after 2000. Tuberculosis in HIV-negative individuals disproportionately occurs in men and boys (versus women and girls); 64{\textperiodcentered}0\% of cases (63{\textperiodcentered}6 to 64{\textperiodcentered}3) and 64{\textperiodcentered}7\% of deaths (60{\textperiodcentered}8 to 70{\textperiodcentered}3). Globally, malaria cases and deaths grew rapidly from 1990 reaching a peak of 232 million cases (143 million to 387 million) in 2003 and 1{\textperiodcentered}2 million deaths (1{\textperiodcentered}1 million to 1{\textperiodcentered}4 million) in 2004. Since 2004, child deaths from malaria in sub-Saharan Africa have decreased by 31{\textperiodcentered}5\% (15{\textperiodcentered}7 to 44{\textperiodcentered}1). Outside of Africa, malaria mortality has been steadily decreasing since 1990.

INTERPRETATION: Our estimates of the number of people living with HIV are 18{\textperiodcentered}7\% smaller than UNAIDS{\textquoteright}s estimates in 2012. The number of people living with malaria is larger than estimated by WHO. The number of people living with HIV, tuberculosis, or malaria have all decreased since 2000. At the global level, upward trends for malaria and HIV deaths have been reversed and declines in tuberculosis deaths have accelerated. 101 countries (74 of which are developing) still have increasing HIV incidence. Substantial progress since the Millennium Declaration is an encouraging sign of the effect of global action.

FUNDING: Bill \& Melinda Gates Foundation.

}, keywords = {Age Distribution, Epidemics, Female, Global Health, HIV Infections, Humans, Incidence, Malaria, Male, Mortality, Organizational Objectives, Sex Distribution, Tuberculosis}, issn = {1474-547X}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60844-8}, author = {Murray, Christopher J L and Ortblad, Katrina F and Guinovart, Caterina and Lim, Stephen S and Wolock, Timothy M and Roberts, D Allen and Dansereau, Emily A and Graetz, Nicholas and Barber, Ryan M and Brown, Jonathan C and Wang, Haidong and Duber, Herbert C and Naghavi, Mohsen and Dicker, Daniel and Dandona, Lalit and Salomon, Joshua A and Heuton, Kyle R and Foreman, Kyle and Phillips, David E and Fleming, Thomas D and Flaxman, Abraham D and Phillips, Bryan K and Johnson, Elizabeth K and Coggeshall, Megan S and Abd-Allah, Foad and Abera, Semaw Ferede and Abraham, Jerry P and Abubakar, Ibrahim and Abu-Raddad, Laith J and Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen Me and Achoki, Tom and Adeyemo, Austine Olufemi and Adou, Ars{\`e}ne Kouablan and Adsuar, Jos{\'e} C and Agardh, Emilie Elisabet and Akena, Dickens and Al Kahbouri, Mazin J and Alasfoor, Deena and Albittar, Mohammed I and Alcal{\'a}-Cerra, Gabriel and Alegretti, Miguel Angel and Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw and Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael and Alhabib, Samia and Ali, Raghib and Alla, Fran{\c c}ois and Allen, Peter J and Alsharif, Ubai and Alvarez, Elena and Alvis-Guzm{\'a}n, Nelson and Amankwaa, Adansi A and Amare, Azmeraw T and Amini, Hassan and Ammar, Walid and Anderson, Benjamin O and Antonio, Carl Abelardo T and Anwari, Palwasha and Arnl{\"o}v, Johan and Arsenijevic, Valentina S Arsic and Artaman, Ali and Asghar, Rana J and Assadi, Reza and Atkins, Lydia S and Badawi, Alaa and Balakrishnan, Kalpana and Banerjee, Amitava and Basu, Sanjay and Beardsley, Justin and Bekele, Tolesa and Bell, Michelle L and Bernabe, Eduardo and Beyene, Tariku Jibat and Bhala, Neeraj and Bhalla, Ashish and Bhutta, Zulfiqar A and Abdulhak, Aref Bin and Binagwaho, Agnes and Blore, Jed D and Basara, Berrak Bora and Bose, Dipan and Brainin, Michael and Breitborde, Nicholas and Casta{\~n}eda-Orjuela, Carlos A and Catal{\'a}-L{\'o}pez, Ferr{\'a}n and Chadha, Vineet K and Chang, Jung-Chen and Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia and Chuang, Ting-Wu and Colomar, Mercedes and Cooper, Leslie Trumbull and Cooper, Cyrus and Courville, Karen J and Cowie, Benjamin C and Criqui, Michael H and Dandona, Rakhi and Dayama, Anand and De Leo, Diego and Degenhardt, Louisa and del Pozo-Cruz, Borja and Deribe, Kebede and Des Jarlais, Don C and Dessalegn, Muluken and Dharmaratne, Samath D and Dilmen, U{\u g}ur and Ding, Eric L and Driscoll, Tim R and Durrani, Adnan M and Ellenbogen, Richard G and Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich and Esteghamati, Alireza and Faraon, Emerito Jose A and Farzadfar, Farshad and Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad and Fijabi, Daniel Obadare and Forouzanfar, Mohammad H and Fra Paleo, Urbano and Gaffikin, Lynne and Gamkrelidze, Amiran and Gankp{\'e}, Fortun{\'e} Gb{\`e}toho and Geleijnse, Johanna M and Gessner, Bradford D and Gibney, Katherine B and Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed and Glaser, Elizabeth L and Gona, Philimon and Goto, Atsushi and Gouda, Hebe N and Gugnani, Harish Chander and Gupta, Rajeev and Gupta, Rahul and Hafezi-Nejad, Nima and Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi and Hammami, Mouhanad and Hankey, Graeme J and Harb, Hilda L and Haro, Josep Maria and Havmoeller, Rasmus and Hay, Simon I and Hedayati, Mohammad T and Pi, Ileana B Heredia and Hoek, Hans W and Hornberger, John C and Hosgood, H Dean and Hotez, Peter J and Hoy, Damian G and Huang, John J and Iburg, Kim M and Idrisov, Bulat T and Innos, Kaire and Jacobsen, Kathryn H and Jeemon, Panniyammakal and Jensen, Paul N and Jha, Vivekanand and Jiang, Guohong and Jonas, Jost B and Juel, Knud and Kan, Haidong and Kankindi, Ida and Karam, Nadim E and Karch, Andr{\'e} and Karema, Corine Kakizi and Kaul, Anil and Kawakami, Norito and Kazi, Dhruv S and Kemp, Andrew H and Kengne, Andre Pascal and Keren, Andre and Kereselidze, Maia and Khader, Yousef Saleh and Khalifa, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan and Khan, Ejaz Ahmed and Khang, Young-Ho and Khonelidze, Irma and Kinfu, Yohannes and Kinge, Jonas M and Knibbs, Luke and Kokubo, Yoshihiro and Kosen, S and Defo, Barthelemy Kuate and Kulkarni, Veena S and Kulkarni, Chanda and Kumar, Kaushalendra and Kumar, Ravi B and Kumar, G Anil and Kwan, Gene F and Lai, Taavi and Balaji, Arjun Lakshmana and Lam, Hilton and Lan, Qing and Lansingh, Van C and Larson, Heidi J and Larsson, Anders and Lee, Jong-Tae and Leigh, James and Leinsalu, Mall and Leung, Ricky and Li, Yichong and Li, Yongmei and de Lima, Gra{\c c}a Maria Ferreira and Lin, Hsien-Ho and Lipshultz, Steven E and Liu, Shiwei and Liu, Yang and Lloyd, Belinda K and Lotufo, Paulo A and Machado, Vasco Manuel Pedro and Maclachlan, Jennifer H and Magis-Rodriguez, Carlos and Majdan, Marek and Mapoma, Christopher Chabila and Marcenes, Wagner and Marzan, Melvin Barrientos and Masci, Joseph R and Mashal, Mohammad Taufiq and Mason-Jones, Amanda J and Mayosi, Bongani M and Mazorodze, Tasara T and Mckay, Abigail Cecilia and Meaney, Peter A and Mehndiratta, Man Mohan and Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola and Melaku, Yohannes Adama and Memish, Ziad A and Mendoza, Walter and Miller, Ted R and Mills, Edward J and Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin and Mokdad, Ali H and Mola, Glen Liddell and Monasta, Lorenzo and Montico, Marcella and Moore, Ami R and Mori, Rintaro and Moturi, Wilkister Nyaora and Mukaigawara, Mitsuru and Murthy, Kinnari S and Naheed, Aliya and Naidoo, Kovin S and Naldi, Luigi and Nangia, Vinay and Narayan, K M Venkat and Nash, Denis and Nejjari, Chakib and Nelson, Robert G and Neupane, Sudan Prasad and Newton, Charles R and Ng, Marie and Nisar, Muhammad Imran and Nolte, Sandra and Norheim, Ole F and Nowaseb, Vincent and Nyakarahuka, Luke and Oh, In-Hwan and Ohkubo, Takayoshi and Olusanya, Bolajoko O and Omer, Saad B and Opio, John Nelson and Orisakwe, Orish Ebere and Pandian, Jeyaraj D and Papachristou, Christina and Caicedo, Angel J Paternina and Patten, Scott B and Paul, Vinod K and Pavlin, Boris Igor and Pearce, Neil and Pereira, David M and Pervaiz, Aslam and Pesudovs, Konrad and Petzold, Max and Pourmalek, Farshad and Qato, Dima and Quezada, Amado D and Quistberg, D Alex and Rafay, Anwar and Rahimi, Kazem and Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa and ur Rahman, Sajjad and Raju, Murugesan and Rana, Saleem M and Razavi, Homie and Reilly, Robert Quentin and Remuzzi, Giuseppe and Richardus, Jan Hendrik and Ronfani, Luca and Roy, Nobhojit and Sabin, Nsanzimana and Saeedi, Mohammad Yahya and Sahraian, Mohammad Ali and Samonte, Genesis May J and Sawhney, Monika and Schneider, Ione J C and Schwebel, David C and Seedat, Soraya and Sepanlou, Sadaf G and Servan-Mori, Edson E and Sheikhbahaei, Sara and Shibuya, Kenji and Shin, Hwashin Hyun and Shiue, Ivy and Shivakoti, Rupak and Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora and Silberberg, Donald H and Silva, Andrea P and Simard, Edgar P and Singh, Jasvinder A and Skirbekk, Vegard and Sliwa, Karen and Soneji, Samir and Soshnikov, Sergey S and Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T and Stathopoulou, Vasiliki Kalliopi and Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos and Swaminathan, Soumya and Sykes, Bryan L and Tabb, Karen M and Talongwa, Roberto Tchio and Tenkorang, Eric Yeboah and Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman and Thomson, Alan J and Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L and Towbin, Jeffrey A and Traebert, Jefferson and Tran, Bach X and Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala and Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis and Uchendu, Uche S and Ukwaja, Kingsley N and Uzun, Selen Beg{\"u}m and Vallely, Andrew J and Vasankari, Tommi J and Venketasubramanian, N and Violante, Francesco S and Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich and Vollset, Stein Emil and Waller, Stephen and Wallin, Mitchell T and Wang, Linhong and Wang, XiaoRong and Wang, Yanping and Weichenthal, Scott and Weiderpass, Elisabete and Weintraub, Robert G and Westerman, Ronny and White, Richard A and Wilkinson, James D and Williams, Thomas Neil and Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret and Wong, John Q and Xu, Gelin and Yang, Yang C and Yano, Yuichiro and Yentur, Gokalp Kadri and Yip, Paul and Yonemoto, Naohiro and Yoon, Seok-Jun and Younis, Mustafa and Yu, Chuanhua and Jin, Kim Yun and El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa and Zhao, Yong and Zheng, Yingfeng and Zhou, Maigeng and Zhu, Jun and Zou, Xiao Nong and Lopez, Alan D and Vos, Theo} }