@article {10544, title = {Early-life nutritional exposures and lifelong health: immediate and long-lasting impacts of probiotics, vitamin D, and breastfeeding.}, journal = {Nutr Rev}, volume = {75}, year = {2017}, month = {2017 02 01}, pages = {83-97}, abstract = {

Pregnancy and infancy comprise the most critical stages for conditioning an individual{\textquoteright}s health, with a number of implications for subsequent risks of morbidity, mortality, and reproductive health. Nutrition may influence both the overall pregnancy outcome and the growth trajectory and immune system of the fetus and infant, with short- and long-term effects on the health of the offspring. Within this context, leading experts at Expo Milano 2015 in Milan, Italy, discussed up-to-date knowledge while providing suggestions and challenges before, during, and after pregnancy. This narrative review summarizes the key issues raised by the experts concerning the interplay between the nutritional environment from conception to early infancy and the offspring{\textquoteright}s immediate and lifelong health, with a particular focus on epigenetic mechanisms, probiotics, vitamin D, and breastfeeding. Taken together, the findings strengthen the awareness that nutritional exposures occurring from preconception to the postnatal period may be strong determinants of the offspring{\textquoteright}s health and may provide supportive evidence for current nutritional recommendations and guidelines for pregnant women and infants. Critical topics to be addressed in future research and translated into recommendations of public health relevance are also highlighted.

}, keywords = {Breast Feeding, Diet, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Nutritional Status, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, Probiotics, Vitamin D}, issn = {1753-4887}, doi = {10.1093/nutrit/nuw056}, author = {Berti, Cristiana and Agostoni, Carlo and Davanzo, Riccardo and Hypp{\"o}nen, Elina and Isolauri, Erika and Meltzer, Helle M and Steegers-Theunissen, R{\'e}gine P M and Cetin, Irene} } @article {3533, title = {Breastfeeding during pregnancy: safety and socioeconomic status.}, journal = {Breastfeed Med}, volume = {9}, year = {2014}, month = {2014 Jul-Aug}, pages = {322}, keywords = {Breast Feeding, Female, Humans, Lactation, Male, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Weaning}, issn = {1556-8342}, doi = {10.1089/bfm.2014.0045}, author = {Monasta, Lorenzo and Cetin, Irene and Davanzo, Riccardo} } @article {1658, title = {A multicenter, case-control study on risk factors for antepartum stillbirth.}, journal = {J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med}, volume = {24}, year = {2011}, month = {2011 Mar}, pages = {407-10}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: As the influence of socio-demographic variables, lifestyle and medical conditions on the epidemiology of stillbirth (SB) is modified by population features, we aimed at investigating the role played by these factors on the incidence of SB in a developed country.

STUDY DESIGN: Multivariate logistic regression analysis (OR with 95\% CI) was utilized in a prospective multicentre nested case-control study to compare in a 1:2 ratio stillborn of >22 weeks gestation with matched for gestational age live-born (LB) infants. Intrapartum SB were excluded.

RESULTS: Two hundred fifty-four consecutive SBs and 497 LBs were enrolled. Socio-demographic variables were equally distributed. Fetal malformations (7.96, 2.69-23.55), severe intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) (birthweight <= 5(th) \%ile) (4.32, 2.27?8.24), BMI > 25 (2.87, 1.90-4.33), and preeclampsia (PE, 0.40, 0.21-0.77) were recognized as independent predictors for SB. At term, only BMI > 25 was associated with SB (7.70, 2.9-20.5).

CONCLUSION: Fetal malformations, severe IUGR and maternal BMI > 25 were associated with a significant increase in the risk of SB; PE presented instead a protective role. Maternal BMI > 25 was the only risk factor for SB identified in term pregnancies.

}, keywords = {Adult, Case-Control Studies, Cause of Death, Congenital Abnormalities, Female, Fetal Death, Fetal Growth Retardation, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Male, Obstetric Labor Complications, Pre-Eclampsia, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Stillbirth, Young Adult}, issn = {1476-4954}, doi = {10.3109/14767058.2010.496880}, author = {Facchinetti, Fabio and Alberico, Salvatore and Benedetto, Chiara and Cetin, Irene and Cozzolino, Sabrina and Di Renzo, Gian Carlo and Del Giovane, Cinzia and Ferrari, Francesca and Mecacci, Federico and Menato, Guido and Tranquilli, Andrea L and Baronciani, Dante} }