@article {7693,
	title = {Current concepts in management of pain in children in the emergency department.},
	journal = {Lancet},
	volume = {387},
	year = {2016},
	month = {2016 Jan 2},
	pages = {83-92},
	abstract = {<p>Pain is common in children presenting to emergency departments with episodic illnesses, acute injuries, and exacerbation of chronic disorders. We review recognition and assessment of pain in infants and children and discuss the manifestations of pain in children with chronic illness, recurrent pain syndromes, and cognitive impairment, including the difficulties of pain management in these patients. Non-pharmacological interventions, as adjuncts to pharmacological management for acute anxiety and pain, are described by age and development. We discuss the pharmacological management of acute pain and anxiety, reviewing invasive and non-invasive routes of administration, pharmacology, and adverse effects.</p>},
	keywords = {Acute Pain, Analgesics, Opioid, Anesthetics, Local, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal, Anxiety, Child, Emergency Medicine, Emergency Service, Hospital, Humans, Pain Management, Pediatrics, Stress, Psychological},
	issn = {1474-547X},
	doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61686-X},
	author = {Krauss, Baruch S and Calligaris, Lorenzo and Green, Steven M and Barbi, Egidio}
}
@article {7689,
	title = {Appendicitis in children less than five years old: A challenge for the general practitioner.},
	journal = {World J Clin Pediatr},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2015},
	month = {2015 May 8},
	pages = {19-24},
	abstract = {<p>Acute appendicitis is one of the most common indications for abdominal surgery in pediatrics with peak incidence in the second decade of life. Acute appendicitis in the first years of life is an uncommon event. The clinical presentation is often varied and the diagnosis may be overshadowed by other medical conditions. Gastroenteritis is the most common misdiagnosis, with a history of diarrhea present in 33\% to 41\% of patients. Pain is the most common presenting symptom in children less than 5 years old, followed by vomiting, fever, anorexia and diarrhea. The most common physical sign is focal tenderness (61\% of the patients) followed by guarding (55\%), diffuse tenderness (39\%), rebound (32\%), and mass (6\%). Neonatal appendicitis is a very rare disease with high mortality; presenting symptoms are nonspecific with abdominal distension representing the main clinical presentation. The younger the patient, the earlier perforation occurs: 70\% of patients less than 3 years develop a perforation within 48 h of onset of symptoms. A timely diagnosis reduces the risk of complications. We highlight the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical signs and laboratory clues of appendicitis in young children and suggest an algorithm for early diagnosis.</p>},
	issn = {2219-2808},
	doi = {10.5409/wjcp.v4.i2.19},
	author = {Marzuillo, Pierluigi and Germani, Claudio and Krauss, Baruch S and Barbi, Egidio}
}
