%0 Journal Article %J Nature %D 2017 %T Rare and low-frequency coding variants alter human adult height. %A Marouli, Eirini %A Graff, Mariaelisa %A Medina-Gomez, Carolina %A Lo, Ken Sin %A Wood, Andrew R %A Kjaer, Troels R %A Fine, Rebecca S %A Lu, Yingchang %A Schurmann, Claudia %A Highland, Heather M %A Rüeger, Sina %A Thorleifsson, Gudmar %A Justice, Anne E %A Lamparter, David %A Stirrups, Kathleen E %A Turcot, Valérie %A Young, Kristin L %A Winkler, Thomas W %A Esko, Tõnu %A Karaderi, Tugce %A Locke, Adam E %A Masca, Nicholas G D %A Ng, Maggie C Y %A Mudgal, Poorva %A Rivas, Manuel A %A Vedantam, Sailaja %A Mahajan, Anubha %A Guo, Xiuqing %A Abecasis, Goncalo %A Aben, Katja K %A Adair, Linda S %A Alam, Dewan S %A Albrecht, Eva %A Allin, Kristine H %A Allison, Matthew %A Amouyel, Philippe %A Appel, Emil V %A Arveiler, Dominique %A Asselbergs, Folkert W %A Auer, Paul L %A Balkau, Beverley %A Banas, Bernhard %A Bang, Lia E %A Benn, Marianne %A Bergmann, Sven %A Bielak, Lawrence F %A Blüher, Matthias %A Boeing, Heiner %A Boerwinkle, Eric %A Böger, Carsten A %A Bonnycastle, Lori L %A Bork-Jensen, Jette %A Bots, Michiel L %A Bottinger, Erwin P %A Bowden, Donald W %A Brandslund, Ivan %A Breen, Gerome %A Brilliant, Murray H %A Broer, Linda %A Burt, Amber A %A Butterworth, Adam S %A Carey, David J %A Caulfield, Mark J %A Chambers, John C %A Chasman, Daniel I %A Chen, Yii-Der Ida %A Chowdhury, Rajiv %A Christensen, Cramer %A Chu, Audrey Y %A Cocca, Massimiliano %A Collins, Francis S %A Cook, James P %A Corley, Janie %A Galbany, Jordi Corominas %A Cox, Amanda J %A Cuellar-Partida, Gabriel %A Danesh, John %A Davies, Gail %A de Bakker, Paul I W %A de Borst, Gert J %A de Denus, Simon %A de Groot, Mark C H %A de Mutsert, Renée %A Deary, Ian J %A Dedoussis, George %A Demerath, Ellen W %A den Hollander, Anneke I %A Dennis, Joe G %A Di Angelantonio, Emanuele %A Drenos, Fotios %A Du, Mengmeng %A Dunning, Alison M %A Easton, Douglas F %A Ebeling, Tapani %A Edwards, Todd L %A Ellinor, Patrick T %A Elliott, Paul %A Evangelou, Evangelos %A Farmaki, Aliki-Eleni %A Faul, Jessica D %A Feitosa, Mary F %A Feng, Shuang %A Ferrannini, Ele %A Ferrario, Marco M %A Ferrières, Jean %A Florez, Jose C %A Ford, Ian %A Fornage, Myriam %A Franks, Paul W %A Frikke-Schmidt, Ruth %A Galesloot, Tessel E %A Gan, Wei %A Gandin, Ilaria %A Gasparini, Paolo %A Giedraitis, Vilmantas %A Giri, Ayush %A Girotto, Giorgia %A Gordon, Scott D %A Gordon-Larsen, Penny %A Gorski, Mathias %A Grarup, Niels %A Grove, Megan L %A Gudnason, Vilmundur %A Gustafsson, Stefan %A Hansen, Torben %A Harris, Kathleen Mullan %A Harris, Tamara B %A Hattersley, Andrew T %A Hayward, Caroline %A He, Liang %A Heid, Iris M %A Heikkilä, Kauko %A Helgeland, Øyvind %A Hernesniemi, Jussi %A Hewitt, Alex W %A Hocking, Lynne J %A Hollensted, Mette %A Holmen, Oddgeir L %A Hovingh, G Kees %A Howson, Joanna M M %A Hoyng, Carel B %A Huang, Paul L %A Hveem, Kristian %A Ikram, M Arfan %A Ingelsson, Erik %A Jackson, Anne U %A Jansson, Jan-Håkan %A Jarvik, Gail P %A Jensen, Gorm B %A Jhun, Min A %A Jia, Yucheng %A Jiang, Xuejuan %A Johansson, Stefan %A Jørgensen, Marit E %A Jørgensen, Torben %A Jousilahti, Pekka %A Jukema, J Wouter %A Kahali, Bratati %A Kahn, René S %A Kähönen, Mika %A Kamstrup, Pia R %A Kanoni, Stavroula %A Kaprio, Jaakko %A Karaleftheri, Maria %A Kardia, Sharon L R %A Karpe, Fredrik %A Kee, Frank %A Keeman, Renske %A Kiemeney, Lambertus A %A Kitajima, Hidetoshi %A Kluivers, Kirsten B %A Kocher, Thomas %A Komulainen, Pirjo %A Kontto, Jukka %A Kooner, Jaspal S %A Kooperberg, Charles %A Kovacs, Peter %A Kriebel, Jennifer %A Kuivaniemi, Helena %A Küry, Sébastien %A Kuusisto, Johanna %A La Bianca, Martina %A Laakso, Markku %A Lakka, Timo A %A Lange, Ethan M %A Lange, Leslie A %A Langefeld, Carl D %A Langenberg, Claudia %A Larson, Eric B %A Lee, I-Te %A Lehtimäki, Terho %A Lewis, Cora E %A Li, Huaixing %A Li, Jin %A Li-Gao, Ruifang %A Lin, Honghuang %A Lin, Li-An %A Lin, Xu %A Lind, Lars %A Lindström, Jaana %A Linneberg, Allan %A Liu, Yeheng %A Liu, Yongmei %A Lophatananon, Artitaya %A Luan, Jian'an %A Lubitz, Steven A %A Lyytikäinen, Leo-Pekka %A Mackey, David A %A Madden, Pamela A F %A Manning, Alisa K %A Männistö, Satu %A Marenne, Gaëlle %A Marten, Jonathan %A Martin, Nicholas G %A Mazul, Angela L %A Meidtner, Karina %A Metspalu, Andres %A Mitchell, Paul %A Mohlke, Karen L %A Mook-Kanamori, Dennis O %A Morgan, Anna %A Morris, Andrew D %A Morris, Andrew P %A Müller-Nurasyid, Martina %A Munroe, Patricia B %A Nalls, Mike A %A Nauck, Matthias %A Nelson, Christopher P %A Neville, Matt %A Nielsen, Sune F %A Nikus, Kjell %A Njølstad, Pål R %A Nordestgaard, Børge G %A Ntalla, Ioanna %A O'Connel, Jeffrey R %A Oksa, Heikki %A Loohuis, Loes M Olde %A Ophoff, Roel A %A Owen, Katharine R %A Packard, Chris J %A Padmanabhan, Sandosh %A Palmer, Colin N A %A Pasterkamp, Gerard %A Patel, Aniruddh P %A Pattie, Alison %A Pedersen, Oluf %A Peissig, Peggy L %A Peloso, Gina M %A Pennell, Craig E %A Perola, Markus %A Perry, James A %A Perry, John R B %A Person, Thomas N %A Pirie, Ailith %A Polasek, Ozren %A Posthuma, Danielle %A Raitakari, Olli T %A Rasheed, Asif %A Rauramaa, Rainer %A Reilly, Dermot F %A Reiner, Alex P %A Renstrom, Frida %A Ridker, Paul M %A Rioux, John D %A Robertson, Neil %A Robino, Antonietta %A Rolandsson, Olov %A Rudan, Igor %A Ruth, Katherine S %A Saleheen, Danish %A Salomaa, Veikko %A Samani, Nilesh J %A Sandow, Kevin %A Sapkota, Yadav %A Sattar, Naveed %A Schmidt, Marjanka K %A Schreiner, Pamela J %A Schulze, Matthias B %A Scott, Robert A %A Segura-Lepe, Marcelo P %A Shah, Svati %A Sim, Xueling %A Sivapalaratnam, Suthesh %A Small, Kerrin S %A Smith, Albert Vernon %A Smith, Jennifer A %A Southam, Lorraine %A Spector, Timothy D %A Speliotes, Elizabeth K %A Starr, John M %A Steinthorsdottir, Valgerdur %A Stringham, Heather M %A Stumvoll, Michael %A Surendran, Praveen %A 't Hart, Leen M %A Tansey, Katherine E %A Tardif, Jean-Claude %A Taylor, Kent D %A Teumer, Alexander %A Thompson, Deborah J %A Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur %A Thuesen, Betina H %A Tönjes, Anke %A Tromp, Gerard %A Trompet, Stella %A Tsafantakis, Emmanouil %A Tuomilehto, Jaakko %A Tybjaerg-Hansen, Anne %A Tyrer, Jonathan P %A Uher, Rudolf %A Uitterlinden, André G %A Ulivi, Sheila %A van der Laan, Sander W %A Van Der Leij, Andries R %A van Duijn, Cornelia M %A van Schoor, Natasja M %A van Setten, Jessica %A Varbo, Anette %A Varga, Tibor V %A Varma, Rohit %A Edwards, Digna R Velez %A Vermeulen, Sita H %A Vestergaard, Henrik %A Vitart, Veronique %A Vogt, Thomas F %A Vozzi, Diego %A Walker, Mark %A Wang, Feijie %A Wang, Carol A %A Wang, Shuai %A Wang, Yiqin %A Wareham, Nicholas J %A Warren, Helen R %A Wessel, Jennifer %A Willems, Sara M %A Wilson, James G %A Witte, Daniel R %A Woods, Michael O %A Wu, Ying %A Yaghootkar, Hanieh %A Yao, Jie %A Yao, Pang %A Yerges-Armstrong, Laura M %A Young, Robin %A Zeggini, Eleftheria %A Zhan, Xiaowei %A Zhang, Weihua %A Zhao, Jing Hua %A Zhao, Wei %A Zhao, Wei %A Zheng, He %A Zhou, Wei %A Rotter, Jerome I %A Boehnke, Michael %A Kathiresan, Sekar %A McCarthy, Mark I %A Willer, Cristen J %A Stefansson, Kari %A Borecki, Ingrid B %A Liu, Dajiang J %A North, Kari E %A Heard-Costa, Nancy L %A Pers, Tune H %A Lindgren, Cecilia M %A Oxvig, Claus %A Kutalik, Zoltán %A Rivadeneira, Fernando %A Loos, Ruth J F %A Frayling, Timothy M %A Hirschhorn, Joel N %A Deloukas, Panos %A Lettre, Guillaume %K ADAMTS Proteins %K Adult %K Alleles %K Body Height %K Cell Adhesion Molecules %K Female %K Gene Frequency %K Genetic Variation %K Genome, Human %K Glycoproteins %K Glycosaminoglycans %K Hedgehog Proteins %K Humans %K Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins %K Interferon Regulatory Factors %K Interleukin-11 Receptor alpha Subunit %K Male %K Multifactorial Inheritance %K NADPH Oxidase 4 %K NADPH Oxidases %K Phenotype %K Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A %K Procollagen N-Endopeptidase %K Proteoglycans %K Proteolysis %K Receptors, Androgen %K Somatomedins %X

Height is a highly heritable, classic polygenic trait with approximately 700 common associated variants identified through genome-wide association studies so far. Here, we report 83 height-associated coding variants with lower minor-allele frequencies (in the range of 0.1-4.8%) and effects of up to 2 centimetres per allele (such as those in IHH, STC2, AR and CRISPLD2), greater than ten times the average effect of common variants. In functional follow-up studies, rare height-increasing alleles of STC2 (giving an increase of 1-2 centimetres per allele) compromised proteolytic inhibition of PAPP-A and increased cleavage of IGFBP-4 in vitro, resulting in higher bioavailability of insulin-like growth factors. These 83 height-associated variants overlap genes that are mutated in monogenic growth disorders and highlight new biological candidates (such as ADAMTS3, IL11RA and NOX4) and pathways (such as proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan synthesis) involved in growth. Our results demonstrate that sufficiently large sample sizes can uncover rare and low-frequency variants of moderate-to-large effect associated with polygenic human phenotypes, and that these variants implicate relevant genes and pathways.

%B Nature %V 542 %P 186-190 %8 2017 02 09 %G eng %N 7640 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28146470?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1038/nature21039 %0 Journal Article %J Nat Genet %D 2016 %T A reference panel of 64,976 haplotypes for genotype imputation. %A McCarthy, Shane %A Das, Sayantan %A Kretzschmar, Warren %A Delaneau, Olivier %A Wood, Andrew R %A Teumer, Alexander %A Kang, Hyun Min %A Fuchsberger, Christian %A Danecek, Petr %A Sharp, Kevin %A Luo, Yang %A Sidore, Carlo %A Kwong, Alan %A Timpson, Nicholas %A Koskinen, Seppo %A Vrieze, Scott %A Scott, Laura J %A Zhang, He %A Mahajan, Anubha %A Veldink, Jan %A Peters, Ulrike %A Pato, Carlos %A van Duijn, Cornelia M %A Gillies, Christopher E %A Gandin, Ilaria %A Mezzavilla, Massimo %A Gilly, Arthur %A Cocca, Massimiliano %A Traglia, Michela %A Angius, Andrea %A Barrett, Jeffrey C %A Boomsma, Dorrett %A Branham, Kari %A Breen, Gerome %A Brummett, Chad M %A Busonero, Fabio %A Campbell, Harry %A Chan, Andrew %A Chen, Sai %A Chew, Emily %A Collins, Francis S %A Corbin, Laura J %A Smith, George Davey %A Dedoussis, George %A Dörr, Marcus %A Farmaki, Aliki-Eleni %A Ferrucci, Luigi %A Forer, Lukas %A Fraser, Ross M %A Gabriel, Stacey %A Levy, Shawn %A Groop, Leif %A Harrison, Tabitha %A Hattersley, Andrew %A Holmen, Oddgeir L %A Hveem, Kristian %A Kretzler, Matthias %A Lee, James C %A McGue, Matt %A Meitinger, Thomas %A Melzer, David %A Min, Josine L %A Mohlke, Karen L %A Vincent, John B %A Nauck, Matthias %A Nickerson, Deborah %A Palotie, Aarno %A Pato, Michele %A Pirastu, Nicola %A McInnis, Melvin %A Richards, J Brent %A Sala, Cinzia %A Salomaa, Veikko %A Schlessinger, David %A Schoenherr, Sebastian %A Slagboom, P Eline %A Small, Kerrin %A Spector, Timothy %A Stambolian, Dwight %A Tuke, Marcus %A Tuomilehto, Jaakko %A Van den Berg, Leonard H %A van Rheenen, Wouter %A Völker, Uwe %A Wijmenga, Cisca %A Toniolo, Daniela %A Zeggini, Eleftheria %A Gasparini, Paolo %A Sampson, Matthew G %A Wilson, James F %A Frayling, Timothy %A de Bakker, Paul I W %A Swertz, Morris A %A McCarroll, Steven %A Kooperberg, Charles %A Dekker, Annelot %A Altshuler, David %A Willer, Cristen %A Iacono, William %A Ripatti, Samuli %A Soranzo, Nicole %A Walter, Klaudia %A Swaroop, Anand %A Cucca, Francesco %A Anderson, Carl A %A Myers, Richard M %A Boehnke, Michael %A McCarthy, Mark I %A Durbin, Richard %X

We describe a reference panel of 64,976 human haplotypes at 39,235,157 SNPs constructed using whole-genome sequence data from 20 studies of predominantly European ancestry. Using this resource leads to accurate genotype imputation at minor allele frequencies as low as 0.1% and a large increase in the number of SNPs tested in association studies, and it can help to discover and refine causal loci. We describe remote server resources that allow researchers to carry out imputation and phasing consistently and efficiently.

%B Nat Genet %8 2016 Aug 22 %G ENG %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27548312?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1038/ng.3643 %0 Journal Article %J Nature %D 2015 %T Directional dominance on stature and cognition in diverse human populations. %A Joshi, Peter K %A Esko, Tõnu %A Mattsson, Hannele %A Eklund, Niina %A Gandin, Ilaria %A Nutile, Teresa %A Jackson, Anne U %A Schurmann, Claudia %A Smith, Albert V %A Zhang, Weihua %A Okada, Yukinori %A Stančáková, Alena %A Faul, Jessica D %A Zhao, Wei %A Bartz, Traci M %A Concas, Maria Pina %A Franceschini, Nora %A Enroth, Stefan %A Vitart, Veronique %A Trompet, Stella %A Guo, Xiuqing %A Chasman, Daniel I %A O'Connel, Jeffrey R %A Corre, Tanguy %A Nongmaithem, Suraj S %A Chen, Yuning %A Mangino, Massimo %A Ruggiero, Daniela %A Traglia, Michela %A Farmaki, Aliki-Eleni %A Kacprowski, Tim %A Bjonnes, Andrew %A van der Spek, Ashley %A Wu, Ying %A Giri, Anil K %A Yanek, Lisa R %A Wang, Lihua %A Hofer, Edith %A Rietveld, Cornelius A %A McLeod, Olga %A Cornelis, Marilyn C %A Pattaro, Cristian %A Verweij, Niek %A Baumbach, Clemens %A Abdellaoui, Abdel %A Warren, Helen R %A Vuckovic, Dragana %A Mei, Hao %A Bouchard, Claude %A Perry, John R B %A Cappellani, Stefania %A Mirza, Saira S %A Benton, Miles C %A Broeckel, Ulrich %A Medland, Sarah E %A Lind, Penelope A %A Malerba, Giovanni %A Drong, Alexander %A Yengo, Loic %A Bielak, Lawrence F %A Zhi, Degui %A van der Most, Peter J %A Shriner, Daniel %A Mägi, Reedik %A Hemani, Gibran %A Karaderi, Tugce %A Wang, Zhaoming %A Liu, Tian %A Demuth, Ilja %A Zhao, Jing Hua %A Meng, Weihua %A Lataniotis, Lazaros %A van der Laan, Sander W %A Bradfield, Jonathan P %A Wood, Andrew R %A Bonnefond, Amelie %A Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S %A Hall, Leanne M %A Salvi, Erika %A Yazar, Seyhan %A Carstensen, Lisbeth %A de Haan, Hugoline G %A Abney, Mark %A Afzal, Uzma %A Allison, Matthew A %A Amin, Najaf %A Asselbergs, Folkert W %A Bakker, Stephan J L %A Barr, R Graham %A Baumeister, Sebastian E %A Benjamin, Daniel J %A Bergmann, Sven %A Boerwinkle, Eric %A Bottinger, Erwin P %A Campbell, Archie %A Chakravarti, Aravinda %A Chan, Yingleong %A Chanock, Stephen J %A Chen, Constance %A Chen, Y-D Ida %A Collins, Francis S %A Connell, John %A Correa, Adolfo %A Cupples, L Adrienne %A Smith, George Davey %A Davies, Gail %A Dörr, Marcus %A Ehret, Georg %A Ellis, Stephen B %A Feenstra, Bjarke %A Feitosa, Mary F %A Ford, Ian %A Fox, Caroline S %A Frayling, Timothy M %A Friedrich, Nele %A Geller, Frank %A Scotland, Generation %A Gillham-Nasenya, Irina %A Gottesman, Omri %A Graff, Misa %A Grodstein, Francine %A Gu, Charles %A Haley, Chris %A Hammond, Christopher J %A Harris, Sarah E %A Harris, Tamara B %A Hastie, Nicholas D %A Heard-Costa, Nancy L %A Heikkilä, Kauko %A Hocking, Lynne J %A Homuth, Georg %A Hottenga, Jouke-Jan %A Huang, Jinyan %A Huffman, Jennifer E %A Hysi, Pirro G %A Ikram, M Arfan %A Ingelsson, Erik %A Joensuu, Anni %A Johansson, Åsa %A Jousilahti, Pekka %A Jukema, J Wouter %A Kähönen, Mika %A Kamatani, Yoichiro %A Kanoni, Stavroula %A Kerr, Shona M %A Khan, Nazir M %A Koellinger, Philipp %A Koistinen, Heikki A %A Kooner, Manraj K %A Kubo, Michiaki %A Kuusisto, Johanna %A Lahti, Jari %A Launer, Lenore J %A Lea, Rodney A %A Lehne, Benjamin %A Lehtimäki, Terho %A Liewald, David C M %A Lind, Lars %A Loh, Marie %A Lokki, Marja-Liisa %A London, Stephanie J %A Loomis, Stephanie J %A Loukola, Anu %A Lu, Yingchang %A Lumley, Thomas %A Lundqvist, Annamari %A Männistö, Satu %A Marques-Vidal, Pedro %A Masciullo, Corrado %A Matchan, Angela %A Mathias, Rasika A %A Matsuda, Koichi %A Meigs, James B %A Meisinger, Christa %A Meitinger, Thomas %A Menni, Cristina %A Mentch, Frank D %A Mihailov, Evelin %A Milani, Lili %A Montasser, May E %A Montgomery, Grant W %A Morrison, Alanna %A Myers, Richard H %A Nadukuru, Rajiv %A Navarro, Pau %A Nelis, Mari %A Nieminen, Markku S %A Nolte, Ilja M %A O'Connor, George T %A Ogunniyi, Adesola %A Padmanabhan, Sandosh %A Palmas, Walter R %A Pankow, James S %A Patarcic, Inga %A Pavani, Francesca %A Peyser, Patricia A %A Pietilainen, Kirsi %A Poulter, Neil %A Prokopenko, Inga %A Ralhan, Sarju %A Redmond, Paul %A Rich, Stephen S %A Rissanen, Harri %A Robino, Antonietta %A Rose, Lynda M %A Rose, Richard %A Sala, Cinzia %A Salako, Babatunde %A Salomaa, Veikko %A Sarin, Antti-Pekka %A Saxena, Richa %A Schmidt, Helena %A Scott, Laura J %A Scott, William R %A Sennblad, Bengt %A Seshadri, Sudha %A Sever, Peter %A Shrestha, Smeeta %A Smith, Blair H %A Smith, Jennifer A %A Soranzo, Nicole %A Sotoodehnia, Nona %A Southam, Lorraine %A Stanton, Alice V %A Stathopoulou, Maria G %A Strauch, Konstantin %A Strawbridge, Rona J %A Suderman, Matthew J %A Tandon, Nikhil %A Tang, Sian-Tsun %A Taylor, Kent D %A Tayo, Bamidele O %A Töglhofer, Anna Maria %A Tomaszewski, Maciej %A Tšernikova, Natalia %A Tuomilehto, Jaakko %A Uitterlinden, André G %A Vaidya, Dhananjay %A van Hylckama Vlieg, Astrid %A van Setten, Jessica %A Vasankari, Tuula %A Vedantam, Sailaja %A Vlachopoulou, Efthymia %A Vozzi, Diego %A Vuoksimaa, Eero %A Waldenberger, Melanie %A Ware, Erin B %A Wentworth-Shields, William %A Whitfield, John B %A Wild, Sarah %A Willemsen, Gonneke %A Yajnik, Chittaranjan S %A Yao, Jie %A Zaza, Gianluigi %A Zhu, Xiaofeng %A Salem, Rany M %A Melbye, Mads %A Bisgaard, Hans %A Samani, Nilesh J %A Cusi, Daniele %A Mackey, David A %A Cooper, Richard S %A Froguel, Philippe %A Pasterkamp, Gerard %A Grant, Struan F A %A Hakonarson, Hakon %A Ferrucci, Luigi %A Scott, Robert A %A Morris, Andrew D %A Palmer, Colin N A %A Dedoussis, George %A Deloukas, Panos %A Bertram, Lars %A Lindenberger, Ulman %A Berndt, Sonja I %A Lindgren, Cecilia M %A Timpson, Nicholas J %A Tönjes, Anke %A Munroe, Patricia B %A Sørensen, Thorkild I A %A Rotimi, Charles N %A Arnett, Donna K %A Oldehinkel, Albertine J %A Kardia, Sharon L R %A Balkau, Beverley %A Gambaro, Giovanni %A Morris, Andrew P %A Eriksson, Johan G %A Wright, Margie J %A Martin, Nicholas G %A Hunt, Steven C %A Starr, John M %A Deary, Ian J %A Griffiths, Lyn R %A Tiemeier, Henning %A Pirastu, Nicola %A Kaprio, Jaakko %A Wareham, Nicholas J %A Pérusse, Louis %A Wilson, James G %A Girotto, Giorgia %A Caulfield, Mark J %A Raitakari, Olli %A Boomsma, Dorret I %A Gieger, Christian %A van der Harst, Pim %A Hicks, Andrew A %A Kraft, Peter %A Sinisalo, Juha %A Knekt, Paul %A Johannesson, Magnus %A Magnusson, Patrik K E %A Hamsten, Anders %A Schmidt, Reinhold %A Borecki, Ingrid B %A Vartiainen, Erkki %A Becker, Diane M %A Bharadwaj, Dwaipayan %A Mohlke, Karen L %A Boehnke, Michael %A van Duijn, Cornelia M %A Sanghera, Dharambir K %A Teumer, Alexander %A Zeggini, Eleftheria %A Metspalu, Andres %A Gasparini, Paolo %A Ulivi, Sheila %A Ober, Carole %A Toniolo, Daniela %A Rudan, Igor %A Porteous, David J %A Ciullo, Marina %A Spector, Tim D %A Hayward, Caroline %A Dupuis, Josée %A Loos, Ruth J F %A Wright, Alan F %A Chandak, Giriraj R %A Vollenweider, Peter %A Shuldiner, Alan R %A Ridker, Paul M %A Rotter, Jerome I %A Sattar, Naveed %A Gyllensten, Ulf %A North, Kari E %A Pirastu, Mario %A Psaty, Bruce M %A Weir, David R %A Laakso, Markku %A Gudnason, Vilmundur %A Takahashi, Atsushi %A Chambers, John C %A Kooner, Jaspal S %A Strachan, David P %A Campbell, Harry %A Hirschhorn, Joel N %A Perola, Markus %A Polasek, Ozren %A Wilson, James F %K Biological Evolution %K Blood Pressure %K Body Height %K Cholesterol, LDL %K Cognition %K Cohort Studies %K Educational Status %K Female %K Forced Expiratory Volume %K Genome, Human %K Homozygote %K Humans %K Lung Volume Measurements %K Male %K Phenotype %X

Homozygosity has long been associated with rare, often devastating, Mendelian disorders, and Darwin was one of the first to recognize that inbreeding reduces evolutionary fitness. However, the effect of the more distant parental relatedness that is common in modern human populations is less well understood. Genomic data now allow us to investigate the effects of homozygosity on traits of public health importance by observing contiguous homozygous segments (runs of homozygosity), which are inferred to be homozygous along their complete length. Given the low levels of genome-wide homozygosity prevalent in most human populations, information is required on very large numbers of people to provide sufficient power. Here we use runs of homozygosity to study 16 health-related quantitative traits in 354,224 individuals from 102 cohorts, and find statistically significant associations between summed runs of homozygosity and four complex traits: height, forced expiratory lung volume in one second, general cognitive ability and educational attainment (P < 1 × 10(-300), 2.1 × 10(-6), 2.5 × 10(-10) and 1.8 × 10(-10), respectively). In each case, increased homozygosity was associated with decreased trait value, equivalent to the offspring of first cousins being 1.2 cm shorter and having 10 months' less education. Similar effect sizes were found across four continental groups and populations with different degrees of genome-wide homozygosity, providing evidence that homozygosity, rather than confounding, directly contributes to phenotypic variance. Contrary to earlier reports in substantially smaller samples, no evidence was seen of an influence of genome-wide homozygosity on blood pressure and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, or ten other cardio-metabolic traits. Since directional dominance is predicted for traits under directional evolutionary selection, this study provides evidence that increased stature and cognitive function have been positively selected in human evolution, whereas many important risk factors for late-onset complex diseases may not have been.

%B Nature %V 523 %P 459-62 %8 2015 Jul 23 %G eng %N 7561 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26131930?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1038/nature14618 %0 Journal Article %J Nature %D 2015 %T Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology. %A Locke, Adam E %A Kahali, Bratati %A Berndt, Sonja I %A Justice, Anne E %A Pers, Tune H %A Day, Felix R %A Powell, Corey %A Vedantam, Sailaja %A Buchkovich, Martin L %A Yang, Jian %A Croteau-Chonka, Damien C %A Esko, Tõnu %A Fall, Tove %A Ferreira, Teresa %A Gustafsson, Stefan %A Kutalik, Zoltán %A Luan, Jian'an %A Mägi, Reedik %A Randall, Joshua C %A Winkler, Thomas W %A Wood, Andrew R %A Workalemahu, Tsegaselassie %A Faul, Jessica D %A Smith, Jennifer A %A Hua Zhao, Jing %A Zhao, Wei %A Chen, Jin %A Fehrmann, Rudolf %A Hedman, Åsa K %A Karjalainen, Juha %A Schmidt, Ellen M %A Absher, Devin %A Amin, Najaf %A Anderson, Denise %A Beekman, Marian %A Bolton, Jennifer L %A Bragg-Gresham, Jennifer L %A Buyske, Steven %A Demirkan, Ayse %A Deng, Guohong %A Ehret, Georg B %A Feenstra, Bjarke %A Feitosa, Mary F %A Fischer, Krista %A Goel, Anuj %A Gong, Jian %A Jackson, Anne U %A Kanoni, Stavroula %A Kleber, Marcus E %A Kristiansson, Kati %A Lim, Unhee %A Lotay, Vaneet %A Mangino, Massimo %A Mateo Leach, Irene %A Medina-Gomez, Carolina %A Medland, Sarah E %A Nalls, Michael A %A Palmer, Cameron D %A Pasko, Dorota %A Pechlivanis, Sonali %A Peters, Marjolein J %A Prokopenko, Inga %A Shungin, Dmitry %A Stančáková, Alena %A Strawbridge, Rona J %A Ju Sung, Yun %A Tanaka, Toshiko %A Teumer, Alexander %A Trompet, Stella %A van der Laan, Sander W %A van Setten, Jessica %A Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk, Jana V %A Wang, Zhaoming %A Yengo, Loic %A Zhang, Weihua %A Isaacs, Aaron %A Albrecht, Eva %A Arnlöv, Johan %A Arscott, Gillian M %A Attwood, Antony P %A Bandinelli, Stefania %A Barrett, Amy %A Bas, Isabelita N %A Bellis, Claire %A Bennett, Amanda J %A Berne, Christian %A Blagieva, Roza %A Blüher, Matthias %A Böhringer, Stefan %A Bonnycastle, Lori L %A Böttcher, Yvonne %A Boyd, Heather A %A Bruinenberg, Marcel %A Caspersen, Ida H %A Ida Chen, Yii-Der %A Clarke, Robert %A Daw, E Warwick %A de Craen, Anton J M %A Delgado, Graciela %A Dimitriou, Maria %A Doney, Alex S F %A Eklund, Niina %A Estrada, Karol %A Eury, Elodie %A Folkersen, Lasse %A Fraser, Ross M %A Garcia, Melissa E %A Geller, Frank %A Giedraitis, Vilmantas %A Gigante, Bruna %A Go, Alan S %A Golay, Alain %A Goodall, Alison H %A Gordon, Scott D %A Gorski, Mathias %A Grabe, Hans-Jörgen %A Grallert, Harald %A Grammer, Tanja B %A Gräßler, Jürgen %A Grönberg, Henrik %A Groves, Christopher J %A Gusto, Gaëlle %A Haessler, Jeffrey %A Hall, Per %A Haller, Toomas %A Hallmans, Goran %A Hartman, Catharina A %A Hassinen, Maija %A Hayward, Caroline %A Heard-Costa, Nancy L %A Helmer, Quinta %A Hengstenberg, Christian %A Holmen, Oddgeir %A Hottenga, Jouke-Jan %A James, Alan L %A Jeff, Janina M %A Johansson, Åsa %A Jolley, Jennifer %A Juliusdottir, Thorhildur %A Kinnunen, Leena %A Koenig, Wolfgang %A Koskenvuo, Markku %A Kratzer, Wolfgang %A Laitinen, Jaana %A Lamina, Claudia %A Leander, Karin %A Lee, Nanette R %A Lichtner, Peter %A Lind, Lars %A Lindström, Jaana %A Sin Lo, Ken %A Lobbens, Stéphane %A Lorbeer, Roberto %A Lu, Yingchang %A Mach, François %A Magnusson, Patrik K E %A Mahajan, Anubha %A McArdle, Wendy L %A McLachlan, Stela %A Menni, Cristina %A Merger, Sigrun %A Mihailov, Evelin %A Milani, Lili %A Moayyeri, Alireza %A Monda, Keri L %A Morken, Mario A %A Mulas, Antonella %A Müller, Gabriele %A Müller-Nurasyid, Martina %A Musk, Arthur W %A Nagaraja, Ramaiah %A Nöthen, Markus M %A Nolte, Ilja M %A Pilz, Stefan %A Rayner, Nigel W %A Renstrom, Frida %A Rettig, Rainer %A Ried, Janina S %A Ripke, Stephan %A Robertson, Neil R %A Rose, Lynda M %A Sanna, Serena %A Scharnagl, Hubert %A Scholtens, Salome %A Schumacher, Fredrick R %A Scott, William R %A Seufferlein, Thomas %A Shi, Jianxin %A Vernon Smith, Albert %A Smolonska, Joanna %A Stanton, Alice V %A Steinthorsdottir, Valgerdur %A Stirrups, Kathleen %A Stringham, Heather M %A Sundström, Johan %A Swertz, Morris A %A Swift, Amy J %A Syvänen, Ann-Christine %A Tan, Sian-Tsung %A Tayo, Bamidele O %A Thorand, Barbara %A Thorleifsson, Gudmar %A Tyrer, Jonathan P %A Uh, Hae-Won %A Vandenput, Liesbeth %A Verhulst, Frank C %A Vermeulen, Sita H %A Verweij, Niek %A Vonk, Judith M %A Waite, Lindsay L %A Warren, Helen R %A Waterworth, Dawn %A Weedon, Michael N %A Wilkens, Lynne R %A Willenborg, Christina %A Wilsgaard, Tom %A Wojczynski, Mary K %A Wong, Andrew %A Wright, Alan F %A Zhang, Qunyuan %A Brennan, Eoin P %A Choi, Murim %A Dastani, Zari %A Drong, Alexander W %A Eriksson, Per %A Franco-Cereceda, Anders %A Gådin, Jesper R %A Gharavi, Ali G %A Goddard, Michael E %A Handsaker, Robert E %A Huang, Jinyan %A Karpe, Fredrik %A Kathiresan, Sekar %A Keildson, Sarah %A Kiryluk, Krzysztof %A Kubo, Michiaki %A Lee, Jong-Young %A Liang, Liming %A Lifton, Richard P %A Ma, Baoshan %A McCarroll, Steven A %A McKnight, Amy J %A Min, Josine L %A Moffatt, Miriam F %A Montgomery, Grant W %A Murabito, Joanne M %A Nicholson, George %A Nyholt, Dale R %A Okada, Yukinori %A Perry, John R B %A Dorajoo, Rajkumar %A Reinmaa, Eva %A Salem, Rany M %A Sandholm, Niina %A Scott, Robert A %A Stolk, Lisette %A Takahashi, Atsushi %A Tanaka, Toshihiro %A Van't Hooft, Ferdinand M %A Vinkhuyzen, Anna A E %A Westra, Harm-Jan %A Zheng, Wei %A Zondervan, Krina T %A Heath, Andrew C %A Arveiler, Dominique %A Bakker, Stephan J L %A Beilby, John %A Bergman, Richard N %A Blangero, John %A Bovet, Pascal %A Campbell, Harry %A Caulfield, Mark J %A Cesana, Giancarlo %A Chakravarti, Aravinda %A Chasman, Daniel I %A Chines, Peter S %A Collins, Francis S %A Crawford, Dana C %A Cupples, L Adrienne %A Cusi, Daniele %A Danesh, John %A de Faire, Ulf %A den Ruijter, Hester M %A Dominiczak, Anna F %A Erbel, Raimund %A Erdmann, Jeanette %A Eriksson, Johan G %A Farrall, Martin %A Felix, Stephan B %A Ferrannini, Ele %A Ferrières, Jean %A Ford, Ian %A Forouhi, Nita G %A Forrester, Terrence %A Franco, Oscar H %A Gansevoort, Ron T %A Gejman, Pablo V %A Gieger, Christian %A Gottesman, Omri %A Gudnason, Vilmundur %A Gyllensten, Ulf %A Hall, Alistair S %A Harris, Tamara B %A Hattersley, Andrew T %A Hicks, Andrew A %A Hindorff, Lucia A %A Hingorani, Aroon D %A Hofman, Albert %A Homuth, Georg %A Hovingh, G Kees %A Humphries, Steve E %A Hunt, Steven C %A Hyppönen, Elina %A Illig, Thomas %A Jacobs, Kevin B %A Järvelin, Marjo-Riitta %A Jöckel, Karl-Heinz %A Johansen, Berit %A Jousilahti, Pekka %A Jukema, J Wouter %A Jula, Antti M %A Kaprio, Jaakko %A Kastelein, John J P %A Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka M %A Kiemeney, Lambertus A %A Knekt, Paul %A Kooner, Jaspal S %A Kooperberg, Charles %A Kovacs, Peter %A Kraja, Aldi T %A Kumari, Meena %A Kuusisto, Johanna %A Lakka, Timo A %A Langenberg, Claudia %A Le Marchand, Loic %A Lehtimäki, Terho %A Lyssenko, Valeriya %A Männistö, Satu %A Marette, André %A Matise, Tara C %A McKenzie, Colin A %A McKnight, Barbara %A Moll, Frans L %A Morris, Andrew D %A Morris, Andrew P %A Murray, Jeffrey C %A Nelis, Mari %A Ohlsson, Claes %A Oldehinkel, Albertine J %A Ong, Ken K %A Madden, Pamela A F %A Pasterkamp, Gerard %A Peden, John F %A Peters, Annette %A Postma, Dirkje S %A Pramstaller, Peter P %A Price, Jackie F %A Qi, Lu %A Raitakari, Olli T %A Rankinen, Tuomo %A Rao, D C %A Rice, Treva K %A Ridker, Paul M %A Rioux, John D %A Ritchie, Marylyn D %A Rudan, Igor %A Salomaa, Veikko %A Samani, Nilesh J %A Saramies, Jouko %A Sarzynski, Mark A %A Schunkert, Heribert %A Schwarz, Peter E H %A Sever, Peter %A Shuldiner, Alan R %A Sinisalo, Juha %A Stolk, Ronald P %A Strauch, Konstantin %A Tönjes, Anke %A Trégouët, David-Alexandre %A Tremblay, Angelo %A Tremoli, Elena %A Virtamo, Jarmo %A Vohl, Marie-Claude %A Völker, Uwe %A Waeber, Gerard %A Willemsen, Gonneke %A Witteman, Jacqueline C %A Zillikens, M Carola %A Adair, Linda S %A Amouyel, Philippe %A Asselbergs, Folkert W %A Assimes, Themistocles L %A Bochud, Murielle %A Boehm, Bernhard O %A Boerwinkle, Eric %A Bornstein, Stefan R %A Bottinger, Erwin P %A Bouchard, Claude %A Cauchi, Stéphane %A Chambers, John C %A Chanock, Stephen J %A Cooper, Richard S %A de Bakker, Paul I W %A Dedoussis, George %A Ferrucci, Luigi %A Franks, Paul W %A Froguel, Philippe %A Groop, Leif C %A Haiman, Christopher A %A Hamsten, Anders %A Hui, Jennie %A Hunter, David J %A Hveem, Kristian %A Kaplan, Robert C %A Kivimaki, Mika %A Kuh, Diana %A Laakso, Markku %A Liu, Yongmei %A Martin, Nicholas G %A März, Winfried %A Melbye, Mads %A Metspalu, Andres %A Moebus, Susanne %A Munroe, Patricia B %A Njølstad, Inger %A Oostra, Ben A %A Palmer, Colin N A %A Pedersen, Nancy L %A Perola, Markus %A Pérusse, Louis %A Peters, Ulrike %A Power, Chris %A Quertermous, Thomas %A Rauramaa, Rainer %A Rivadeneira, Fernando %A Saaristo, Timo E %A Saleheen, Danish %A Sattar, Naveed %A Schadt, Eric E %A Schlessinger, David %A Slagboom, P Eline %A Snieder, Harold %A Spector, Tim D %A Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur %A Stumvoll, Michael %A Tuomilehto, Jaakko %A Uitterlinden, André G %A Uusitupa, Matti %A van der Harst, Pim %A Walker, Mark %A Wallaschofski, Henri %A Wareham, Nicholas J %A Watkins, Hugh %A Weir, David R %A Wichmann, H-Erich %A Wilson, James F %A Zanen, Pieter %A Borecki, Ingrid B %A Deloukas, Panos %A Fox, Caroline S %A Heid, Iris M %A O'Connell, Jeffrey R %A Strachan, David P %A Stefansson, Kari %A van Duijn, Cornelia M %A Abecasis, Goncalo R %A Franke, Lude %A Frayling, Timothy M %A McCarthy, Mark I %A Visscher, Peter M %A Scherag, André %A Willer, Cristen J %A Boehnke, Michael %A Mohlke, Karen L %A Lindgren, Cecilia M %A Beckmann, Jacques S %A Barroso, Inês %A North, Kari E %A Ingelsson, Erik %A Hirschhorn, Joel N %A Loos, Ruth J F %A Speliotes, Elizabeth K %K Adipogenesis %K Adiposity %K Age Factors %K Body Mass Index %K Continental Population Groups %K Energy Metabolism %K Europe %K Female %K Genetic Predisposition to Disease %K Genome-Wide Association Study %K Glutamic Acid %K Humans %K Insulin %K Male %K Obesity %K Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide %K Quantitative Trait Loci %K Synapses %X

Obesity is heritable and predisposes to many diseases. To understand the genetic basis of obesity better, here we conduct a genome-wide association study and Metabochip meta-analysis of body mass index (BMI), a measure commonly used to define obesity and assess adiposity, in up to 339,224 individuals. This analysis identifies 97 BMI-associated loci (P < 5 × 10(-8)), 56 of which are novel. Five loci demonstrate clear evidence of several independent association signals, and many loci have significant effects on other metabolic phenotypes. The 97 loci account for ∼2.7% of BMI variation, and genome-wide estimates suggest that common variation accounts for >20% of BMI variation. Pathway analyses provide strong support for a role of the central nervous system in obesity susceptibility and implicate new genes and pathways, including those related to synaptic function, glutamate signalling, insulin secretion/action, energy metabolism, lipid biology and adipogenesis.

%B Nature %V 518 %P 197-206 %8 2015 Feb 12 %G eng %N 7538 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25673413?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1038/nature14177 %0 Journal Article %J Nature %D 2015 %T New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution. %A Shungin, Dmitry %A Winkler, Thomas W %A Croteau-Chonka, Damien C %A Ferreira, Teresa %A Locke, Adam E %A Mägi, Reedik %A Strawbridge, Rona J %A Pers, Tune H %A Fischer, Krista %A Justice, Anne E %A Workalemahu, Tsegaselassie %A Wu, Joseph M W %A Buchkovich, Martin L %A Heard-Costa, Nancy L %A Roman, Tamara S %A Drong, Alexander W %A Song, Ci %A Gustafsson, Stefan %A Day, Felix R %A Esko, Tõnu %A Fall, Tove %A Kutalik, Zoltán %A Luan, Jian'an %A Randall, Joshua C %A Scherag, André %A Vedantam, Sailaja %A Wood, Andrew R %A Chen, Jin %A Fehrmann, Rudolf %A Karjalainen, Juha %A Kahali, Bratati %A Liu, Ching-Ti %A Schmidt, Ellen M %A Absher, Devin %A Amin, Najaf %A Anderson, Denise %A Beekman, Marian %A Bragg-Gresham, Jennifer L %A Buyske, Steven %A Demirkan, Ayse %A Ehret, Georg B %A Feitosa, Mary F %A Goel, Anuj %A Jackson, Anne U %A Johnson, Toby %A Kleber, Marcus E %A Kristiansson, Kati %A Mangino, Massimo %A Mateo Leach, Irene %A Medina-Gomez, Carolina %A Palmer, Cameron D %A Pasko, Dorota %A Pechlivanis, Sonali %A Peters, Marjolein J %A Prokopenko, Inga %A Stančáková, Alena %A Ju Sung, Yun %A Tanaka, Toshiko %A Teumer, Alexander %A Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk, Jana V %A Yengo, Loic %A Zhang, Weihua %A Albrecht, Eva %A Arnlöv, Johan %A Arscott, Gillian M %A Bandinelli, Stefania %A Barrett, Amy %A Bellis, Claire %A Bennett, Amanda J %A Berne, Christian %A Blüher, Matthias %A Böhringer, Stefan %A Bonnet, Fabrice %A Böttcher, Yvonne %A Bruinenberg, Marcel %A Carba, Delia B %A Caspersen, Ida H %A Clarke, Robert %A Daw, E Warwick %A Deelen, Joris %A Deelman, Ewa %A Delgado, Graciela %A Doney, Alex S F %A Eklund, Niina %A Erdos, Michael R %A Estrada, Karol %A Eury, Elodie %A Friedrich, Nele %A Garcia, Melissa E %A Giedraitis, Vilmantas %A Gigante, Bruna %A Go, Alan S %A Golay, Alain %A Grallert, Harald %A Grammer, Tanja B %A Gräßler, Jürgen %A Grewal, Jagvir %A Groves, Christopher J %A Haller, Toomas %A Hallmans, Goran %A Hartman, Catharina A %A Hassinen, Maija %A Hayward, Caroline %A Heikkilä, Kauko %A Herzig, Karl-Heinz %A Helmer, Quinta %A Hillege, Hans L %A Holmen, Oddgeir %A Hunt, Steven C %A Isaacs, Aaron %A Ittermann, Till %A James, Alan L %A Johansson, Ingegerd %A Juliusdottir, Thorhildur %A Kalafati, Ioanna-Panagiota %A Kinnunen, Leena %A Koenig, Wolfgang %A Kooner, Ishminder K %A Kratzer, Wolfgang %A Lamina, Claudia %A Leander, Karin %A Lee, Nanette R %A Lichtner, Peter %A Lind, Lars %A Lindström, Jaana %A Lobbens, Stéphane %A Lorentzon, Mattias %A Mach, François %A Magnusson, Patrik K E %A Mahajan, Anubha %A McArdle, Wendy L %A Menni, Cristina %A Merger, Sigrun %A Mihailov, Evelin %A Milani, Lili %A Mills, Rebecca %A Moayyeri, Alireza %A Monda, Keri L %A Mooijaart, Simon P %A Mühleisen, Thomas W %A Mulas, Antonella %A Müller, Gabriele %A Müller-Nurasyid, Martina %A Nagaraja, Ramaiah %A Nalls, Michael A %A Narisu, Narisu %A Glorioso, Nicola %A Nolte, Ilja M %A Olden, Matthias %A Rayner, Nigel W %A Renstrom, Frida %A Ried, Janina S %A Robertson, Neil R %A Rose, Lynda M %A Sanna, Serena %A Scharnagl, Hubert %A Scholtens, Salome %A Sennblad, Bengt %A Seufferlein, Thomas %A Sitlani, Colleen M %A Vernon Smith, Albert %A Stirrups, Kathleen %A Stringham, Heather M %A Sundström, Johan %A Swertz, Morris A %A Swift, Amy J %A Syvänen, Ann-Christine %A Tayo, Bamidele O %A Thorand, Barbara %A Thorleifsson, Gudmar %A Tomaschitz, Andreas %A Troffa, Chiara %A van Oort, Floor V A %A Verweij, Niek %A Vonk, Judith M %A Waite, Lindsay L %A Wennauer, Roman %A Wilsgaard, Tom %A Wojczynski, Mary K %A Wong, Andrew %A Zhang, Qunyuan %A Hua Zhao, Jing %A Brennan, Eoin P %A Choi, Murim %A Eriksson, Per %A Folkersen, Lasse %A Franco-Cereceda, Anders %A Gharavi, Ali G %A Hedman, Åsa K %A Hivert, Marie-France %A Huang, Jinyan %A Kanoni, Stavroula %A Karpe, Fredrik %A Keildson, Sarah %A Kiryluk, Krzysztof %A Liang, Liming %A Lifton, Richard P %A Ma, Baoshan %A McKnight, Amy J %A McPherson, Ruth %A Metspalu, Andres %A Min, Josine L %A Moffatt, Miriam F %A Montgomery, Grant W %A Murabito, Joanne M %A Nicholson, George %A Nyholt, Dale R %A Olsson, Christian %A Perry, John R B %A Reinmaa, Eva %A Salem, Rany M %A Sandholm, Niina %A Schadt, Eric E %A Scott, Robert A %A Stolk, Lisette %A Vallejo, Edgar E %A Westra, Harm-Jan %A Zondervan, Krina T %A Amouyel, Philippe %A Arveiler, Dominique %A Bakker, Stephan J L %A Beilby, John %A Bergman, Richard N %A Blangero, John %A Brown, Morris J %A Burnier, Michel %A Campbell, Harry %A Chakravarti, Aravinda %A Chines, Peter S %A Claudi-Boehm, Simone %A Collins, Francis S %A Crawford, Dana C %A Danesh, John %A de Faire, Ulf %A de Geus, Eco J C %A Dörr, Marcus %A Erbel, Raimund %A Eriksson, Johan G %A Farrall, Martin %A Ferrannini, Ele %A Ferrières, Jean %A Forouhi, Nita G %A Forrester, Terrence %A Franco, Oscar H %A Gansevoort, Ron T %A Gieger, Christian %A Gudnason, Vilmundur %A Haiman, Christopher A %A Harris, Tamara B %A Hattersley, Andrew T %A Heliövaara, Markku %A Hicks, Andrew A %A Hingorani, Aroon D %A Hoffmann, Wolfgang %A Hofman, Albert %A Homuth, Georg %A Humphries, Steve E %A Hyppönen, Elina %A Illig, Thomas %A Järvelin, Marjo-Riitta %A Johansen, Berit %A Jousilahti, Pekka %A Jula, Antti M %A Kaprio, Jaakko %A Kee, Frank %A Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka M %A Kooner, Jaspal S %A Kooperberg, Charles %A Kovacs, Peter %A Kraja, Aldi T %A Kumari, Meena %A Kuulasmaa, Kari %A Kuusisto, Johanna %A Lakka, Timo A %A Langenberg, Claudia %A Le Marchand, Loic %A Lehtimäki, Terho %A Lyssenko, Valeriya %A Männistö, Satu %A Marette, André %A Matise, Tara C %A McKenzie, Colin A %A McKnight, Barbara %A Musk, Arthur W %A Möhlenkamp, Stefan %A Morris, Andrew D %A Nelis, Mari %A Ohlsson, Claes %A Oldehinkel, Albertine J %A Ong, Ken K %A Palmer, Lyle J %A Penninx, Brenda W %A Peters, Annette %A Pramstaller, Peter P %A Raitakari, Olli T %A Rankinen, Tuomo %A Rao, D C %A Rice, Treva K %A Ridker, Paul M %A Ritchie, Marylyn D %A Rudan, Igor %A Salomaa, Veikko %A Samani, Nilesh J %A Saramies, Jouko %A Sarzynski, Mark A %A Schwarz, Peter E H %A Shuldiner, Alan R %A Staessen, Jan A %A Steinthorsdottir, Valgerdur %A Stolk, Ronald P %A Strauch, Konstantin %A Tönjes, Anke %A Tremblay, Angelo %A Tremoli, Elena %A Vohl, Marie-Claude %A Völker, Uwe %A Vollenweider, Peter %A Wilson, James F %A Witteman, Jacqueline C %A Adair, Linda S %A Bochud, Murielle %A Boehm, Bernhard O %A Bornstein, Stefan R %A Bouchard, Claude %A Cauchi, Stéphane %A Caulfield, Mark J %A Chambers, John C %A Chasman, Daniel I %A Cooper, Richard S %A Dedoussis, George %A Ferrucci, Luigi %A Froguel, Philippe %A Grabe, Hans-Jörgen %A Hamsten, Anders %A Hui, Jennie %A Hveem, Kristian %A Jöckel, Karl-Heinz %A Kivimaki, Mika %A Kuh, Diana %A Laakso, Markku %A Liu, Yongmei %A März, Winfried %A Munroe, Patricia B %A Njølstad, Inger %A Oostra, Ben A %A Palmer, Colin N A %A Pedersen, Nancy L %A Perola, Markus %A Pérusse, Louis %A Peters, Ulrike %A Power, Chris %A Quertermous, Thomas %A Rauramaa, Rainer %A Rivadeneira, Fernando %A Saaristo, Timo E %A Saleheen, Danish %A Sinisalo, Juha %A Slagboom, P Eline %A Snieder, Harold %A Spector, Tim D %A Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur %A Stumvoll, Michael %A Tuomilehto, Jaakko %A Uitterlinden, André G %A Uusitupa, Matti %A van der Harst, Pim %A Veronesi, Giovanni %A Walker, Mark %A Wareham, Nicholas J %A Watkins, Hugh %A Wichmann, H-Erich %A Abecasis, Goncalo R %A Assimes, Themistocles L %A Berndt, Sonja I %A Boehnke, Michael %A Borecki, Ingrid B %A Deloukas, Panos %A Franke, Lude %A Frayling, Timothy M %A Groop, Leif C %A Hunter, David J %A Kaplan, Robert C %A O'Connell, Jeffrey R %A Qi, Lu %A Schlessinger, David %A Strachan, David P %A Stefansson, Kari %A van Duijn, Cornelia M %A Willer, Cristen J %A Visscher, Peter M %A Yang, Jian %A Hirschhorn, Joel N %A Zillikens, M Carola %A McCarthy, Mark I %A Speliotes, Elizabeth K %A North, Kari E %A Fox, Caroline S %A Barroso, Inês %A Franks, Paul W %A Ingelsson, Erik %A Heid, Iris M %A Loos, Ruth J F %A Cupples, L Adrienne %A Morris, Andrew P %A Lindgren, Cecilia M %A Mohlke, Karen L %K Adipocytes %K Adipogenesis %K Adipose Tissue %K Age Factors %K Body Fat Distribution %K Body Mass Index %K Continental Population Groups %K Epigenesis, Genetic %K Europe %K Female %K Genome, Human %K Genome-Wide Association Study %K Humans %K Insulin %K Insulin Resistance %K Male %K Models, Biological %K Neovascularization, Physiologic %K Obesity %K Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide %K Quantitative Trait Loci %K Sex Characteristics %K Transcription, Genetic %K Waist-Hip Ratio %X

Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P < 5 × 10(-8)). In total, 20 of the 49 waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI loci show significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which display a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms.

%B Nature %V 518 %P 187-96 %8 2015 Feb 12 %G eng %N 7538 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25673412?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1038/nature14132 %0 Journal Article %J Nat Genet %D 2015 %T Population genetic differentiation of height and body mass index across Europe. %A Robinson, Matthew R %A Hemani, Gibran %A Medina-Gomez, Carolina %A Mezzavilla, Massimo %A Esko, Tõnu %A Shakhbazov, Konstantin %A Powell, Joseph E %A Vinkhuyzen, Anna %A Berndt, Sonja I %A Gustafsson, Stefan %A Justice, Anne E %A Kahali, Bratati %A Locke, Adam E %A Pers, Tune H %A Vedantam, Sailaja %A Wood, Andrew R %A van Rheenen, Wouter %A Andreassen, Ole A %A Gasparini, Paolo %A Metspalu, Andres %A Berg, Leonard H van den %A Veldink, Jan H %A Rivadeneira, Fernando %A Werge, Thomas M %A Abecasis, Goncalo R %A Boomsma, Dorret I %A Chasman, Daniel I %A de Geus, Eco J C %A Frayling, Timothy M %A Hirschhorn, Joel N %A Hottenga, Jouke Jan %A Ingelsson, Erik %A Loos, Ruth J F %A Magnusson, Patrik K E %A Martin, Nicholas G %A Montgomery, Grant W %A North, Kari E %A Pedersen, Nancy L %A Spector, Timothy D %A Speliotes, Elizabeth K %A Goddard, Michael E %A Yang, Jian %A Visscher, Peter M %X

Across-nation differences in the mean values for complex traits are common, but the reasons for these differences are unknown. Here we find that many independent loci contribute to population genetic differences in height and body mass index (BMI) in 9,416 individuals across 14 European countries. Using discovery data on over 250,000 individuals and unbiased effect size estimates from 17,500 sibling pairs, we estimate that 24% (95% credible interval (CI) = 9%, 41%) and 8% (95% CI = 4%, 16%) of the captured additive genetic variance for height and BMI, respectively, reflect population genetic differences. Population genetic divergence differed significantly from that in a null model (height, P < 3.94 × 10(-8); BMI, P < 5.95 × 10(-4)), and we find an among-population genetic correlation for tall and slender individuals (r = -0.80, 95% CI = -0.95, -0.60), consistent with correlated selection for both phenotypes. Observed differences in height among populations reflected the predicted genetic means (r = 0.51; P < 0.001), but environmental differences across Europe masked genetic differentiation for BMI (P < 0.58).

%B Nat Genet %V 47 %P 1357-62 %8 2015 Nov %G eng %N 11 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26366552?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1038/ng.3401 %0 Journal Article %J PLoS Genet %D 2011 %T Multiple loci are associated with white blood cell phenotypes. %A Nalls, Michael A %A Couper, David J %A Tanaka, Toshiko %A van Rooij, Frank J A %A Chen, Ming-Huei %A Smith, Albert V %A Toniolo, Daniela %A Zakai, Neil A %A Yang, Qiong %A Greinacher, Andreas %A Wood, Andrew R %A Garcia, Melissa %A Gasparini, Paolo %A Liu, Yongmei %A Lumley, Thomas %A Folsom, Aaron R %A Reiner, Alex P %A Gieger, Christian %A Lagou, Vasiliki %A Felix, Janine F %A Völzke, Henry %A Gouskova, Natalia A %A Biffi, Alessandro %A Döring, Angela %A Völker, Uwe %A Chong, Sean %A Wiggins, Kerri L %A Rendon, Augusto %A Dehghan, Abbas %A Moore, Matt %A Taylor, Kent %A Wilson, James G %A Lettre, Guillaume %A Hofman, Albert %A Bis, Joshua C %A Pirastu, Nicola %A Fox, Caroline S %A Meisinger, Christa %A Sambrook, Jennifer %A Arepalli, Sampath %A Nauck, Matthias %A Prokisch, Holger %A Stephens, Jonathan %A Glazer, Nicole L %A Cupples, L Adrienne %A Okada, Yukinori %A Takahashi, Atsushi %A Kamatani, Yoichiro %A Matsuda, Koichi %A Tsunoda, Tatsuhiko %A Tanaka, Toshihiro %A Kubo, Michiaki %A Nakamura, Yusuke %A Yamamoto, Kazuhiko %A Kamatani, Naoyuki %A Stumvoll, Michael %A Tönjes, Anke %A Prokopenko, Inga %A Illig, Thomas %A Patel, Kushang V %A Garner, Stephen F %A Kuhnel, Brigitte %A Mangino, Massimo %A Oostra, Ben A %A Thein, Swee Lay %A Coresh, Josef %A Wichmann, H-Erich %A Menzel, Stephan %A Lin, JingPing %A Pistis, Giorgio %A Uitterlinden, André G %A Spector, Tim D %A Teumer, Alexander %A Eiriksdottir, Gudny %A Gudnason, Vilmundur %A Bandinelli, Stefania %A Frayling, Timothy M %A Chakravarti, Aravinda %A van Duijn, Cornelia M %A Melzer, David %A Ouwehand, Willem H %A Levy, Daniel %A Boerwinkle, Eric %A Singleton, Andrew B %A Hernandez, Dena G %A Longo, Dan L %A Soranzo, Nicole %A Witteman, Jacqueline C M %A Psaty, Bruce M %A Ferrucci, Luigi %A Harris, Tamara B %A O'Donnell, Christopher J %A Ganesh, Santhi K %K Genetic Loci %K Genome-Wide Association Study %K Humans %K Leukocyte Count %K Leukocytes %K Molecular Epidemiology %K Multigene Family %K Phenotype %K Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide %K Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases %X

White blood cell (WBC) count is a common clinical measure from complete blood count assays, and it varies widely among healthy individuals. Total WBC count and its constituent subtypes have been shown to be moderately heritable, with the heritability estimates varying across cell types. We studied 19,509 subjects from seven cohorts in a discovery analysis, and 11,823 subjects from ten cohorts for replication analyses, to determine genetic factors influencing variability within the normal hematological range for total WBC count and five WBC subtype measures. Cohort specific data was supplied by the CHARGE, HeamGen, and INGI consortia, as well as independent collaborative studies. We identified and replicated ten associations with total WBC count and five WBC subtypes at seven different genomic loci (total WBC count-6p21 in the HLA region, 17q21 near ORMDL3, and CSF3; neutrophil count-17q21; basophil count- 3p21 near RPN1 and C3orf27; lymphocyte count-6p21, 19p13 at EPS15L1; monocyte count-2q31 at ITGA4, 3q21, 8q24 an intergenic region, 9q31 near EDG2), including three previously reported associations and seven novel associations. To investigate functional relationships among variants contributing to variability in the six WBC traits, we utilized gene expression- and pathways-based analyses. We implemented gene-clustering algorithms to evaluate functional connectivity among implicated loci and showed functional relationships across cell types. Gene expression data from whole blood was utilized to show that significant biological consequences can be extracted from our genome-wide analyses, with effect estimates for significant loci from the meta-analyses being highly corellated with the proximal gene expression. In addition, collaborative efforts between the groups contributing to this study and related studies conducted by the COGENT and RIKEN groups allowed for the examination of effect homogeneity for genome-wide significant associations across populations of diverse ancestral backgrounds.

%B PLoS Genet %V 7 %P e1002113 %8 2011 Jun %G eng %N 6 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21738480?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002113