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Ruoyan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tonelli, Marcello</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tran, Bach Xuan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Troeger, Christopher</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ukwaja, Kingsley N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uthman, Olalekan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vasankari, Tommi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weiderpass, Elisabete</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weintraub, Robert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gebrehiwot, Solomon Weldemariam</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Westerman, Ronny</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williams, Hywel C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wolfe, Charles D A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Woodbrook, Rachel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yano, Yuichiro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yonemoto, Naohiro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yoon, Seok-Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Younis, Mustafa Z</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Chuanhua</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zegeye, Elias Asfaw</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murray, Christopher J L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vos, Theo</style></author></authors><translated-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Burden of Disease Child and Adolescent Health Collaboration</style></author></translated-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child and Adolescent Health From 1990 to 2015: Findings From the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2015 Study.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JAMA Pediatr</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JAMA Pediatr</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent Health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Age Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cause of Death</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child Health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child Mortality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disabled Children</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Burden of Disease</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pregnancy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pregnancy Complications</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sex Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wounds and Injuries</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017 Jun 01</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">171</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">573-592</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Importance: &lt;/b&gt;Comprehensive and timely monitoring of disease burden in all age groups, including children and adolescents, is essential for improving population health.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Objective: &lt;/b&gt;To quantify and describe levels and trends of mortality and nonfatal health outcomes among children and adolescents from 1990 to 2015 to provide a framework for policy discussion.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Evidence Review: &lt;/b&gt;Cause-specific mortality and nonfatal health outcomes were analyzed for 195 countries and territories by age group, sex, and year from 1990 to 2015 using standardized approaches for data processing and statistical modeling, with subsequent analysis of the findings to describe levels and trends across geography and time among children and adolescents 19 years or younger. A composite indicator of income, education, and fertility was developed (Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) for each geographic unit and year, which evaluates the historical association between SDI and health loss.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Findings: &lt;/b&gt;Global child and adolescent mortality decreased from 14.18 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 14.09 million to 14.28 million) deaths in 1990 to 7.26 million (95% UI, 7.14 million to 7.39 million) deaths in 2015, but progress has been unevenly distributed. Countries with a lower SDI had a larger proportion of mortality burden (75%) in 2015 than was the case in 1990 (61%). Most deaths in 2015 occurred in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Global trends were driven by reductions in mortality owing to infectious, nutritional, and neonatal disorders, which in the aggregate led to a relative increase in the importance of noncommunicable diseases and injuries in explaining global disease burden. The absolute burden of disability in children and adolescents increased 4.3% (95% UI, 3.1%-5.6%) from 1990 to 2015, with much of the increase owing to population growth and improved survival for children and adolescents to older ages. Other than infectious conditions, many top causes of disability are associated with long-term sequelae of conditions present at birth (eg, neonatal disorders, congenital birth defects, and hemoglobinopathies) and complications of a variety of infections and nutritional deficiencies. Anemia, developmental intellectual disability, hearing loss, epilepsy, and vision loss are important contributors to childhood disability that can arise from multiple causes. Maternal and reproductive health remains a key cause of disease burden in adolescent females, especially in lower-SDI countries. In low-SDI countries, mortality is the primary driver of health loss for children and adolescents, whereas disability predominates in higher-SDI locations; the specific pattern of epidemiological transition varies across diseases and injuries.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions and Relevance: &lt;/b&gt;Consistent international attention and investment have led to sustained improvements in causes of health loss among children and adolescents in many countries, although progress has been uneven. The persistence of infectious diseases in some countries, coupled with ongoing epidemiologic transition to injuries and noncommunicable diseases, require all countries to carefully evaluate and implement appropriate strategies to maximize the health of their children and adolescents and for the international community to carefully consider which elements of child and adolescent health should be monitored.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28384795?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murray, Christopher J L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ortblad, Katrina F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guinovart, Caterina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lim, Stephen S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wolock, Timothy M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roberts, D Allen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dansereau, Emily A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graetz, Nicholas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barber, Ryan M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, Jonathan C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Haidong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duber, Herbert C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Naghavi, Mohsen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dicker, 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size="100%">Cooper, Cyrus</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Courville, Karen J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cowie, Benjamin C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Criqui, Michael H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dandona, Rakhi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dayama, Anand</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">De Leo, Diego</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Degenhardt, Louisa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">del Pozo-Cruz, Borja</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deribe, Kebede</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Des Jarlais, Don C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dessalegn, Muluken</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dharmaratne, Samath D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dilmen, Uğur</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ding, Eric L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, Tim R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durrani, Adnan M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ellenbogen, Richard G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Esteghamati, Alireza</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Faraon, Emerito Jose A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Farzadfar, Farshad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fijabi, Daniel Obadare</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forouzanfar, Mohammad H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fra Paleo, Urbano</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gaffikin, Lynne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gamkrelidze, Amiran</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geleijnse, Johanna M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gessner, Bradford D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gibney, Katherine B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glaser, Elizabeth L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gona, Philimon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goto, Atsushi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gouda, Hebe N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gugnani, Harish Chander</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gupta, Rajeev</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gupta, Rahul</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hafezi-Nejad, Nima</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hammami, Mouhanad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hankey, Graeme 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size="100%">Yonemoto, Naohiro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yoon, Seok-Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Younis, Mustafa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Chuanhua</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jin, Kim Yun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhao, Yong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zheng, Yingfeng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhou, Maigeng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhu, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zou, Xiao Nong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lopez, Alan D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vos, Theo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lancet</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lancet</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Age Distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epidemics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HIV Infections</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Incidence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malaria</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mortality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Organizational Objectives</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sex Distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tuberculosis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014 Sep 13</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">384</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1005-70</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;BACKGROUND: &lt;/b&gt;The Millennium Declaration in 2000 brought special global attention to HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria through the formulation of Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 6. The Global Burden of Disease 2013 study provides a consistent and comprehensive approach to disease estimation for between 1990 and 2013, and an opportunity to assess whether accelerated progress has occured since the Millennium Declaration.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;METHODS: &lt;/b&gt;To estimate incidence and mortality for HIV, we used the UNAIDS Spectrum model appropriately modified based on a systematic review of available studies of mortality with and without antiretroviral therapy (ART). For concentrated epidemics, we calibrated Spectrum models to fit vital registration data corrected for misclassification of HIV deaths. In generalised epidemics, we minimised a loss function to select epidemic curves most consistent with prevalence data and demographic data for all-cause mortality. We analysed counterfactual scenarios for HIV to assess years of life saved through prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and ART. For tuberculosis, we analysed vital registration and verbal autopsy data to estimate mortality using cause of death ensemble modelling. We analysed data for corrected case-notifications, expert opinions on the case-detection rate, prevalence surveys, and estimated cause-specific mortality using Bayesian meta-regression to generate consistent trends in all parameters. We analysed malaria mortality and incidence using an updated cause of death database, a systematic analysis of verbal autopsy validation studies for malaria, and recent studies (2010-13) of incidence, drug resistance, and coverage of insecticide-treated bednets.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;FINDINGS: &lt;/b&gt;Globally in 2013, there were 1·8 million new HIV infections (95% uncertainty interval 1·7 million to 2·1 million), 29·2 million prevalent HIV cases (28·1 to 31·7), and 1·3 million HIV deaths (1·3 to 1·5). At the peak of the epidemic in 2005, HIV caused 1·7 million deaths (1·6 million to 1·9 million). Concentrated epidemics in Latin America and eastern Europe are substantially smaller than previously estimated. Through interventions including PMTCT and ART, 19·1 million life-years (16·6 million to 21·5 million) have been saved, 70·3% (65·4 to 76·1) in developing countries. From 2000 to 2011, the ratio of development assistance for health for HIV to years of life saved through intervention was US$4498 in developing countries. Including in HIV-positive individuals, all-form tuberculosis incidence was 7·5 million (7·4 million to 7·7 million), prevalence was 11·9 million (11·6 million to 12·2 million), and number of deaths was 1·4 million (1·3 million to 1·5 million) in 2013. In the same year and in only individuals who were HIV-negative, all-form tuberculosis incidence was 7·1 million (6·9 million to 7·3 million), prevalence was 11·2 million (10·8 million to 11·6 million), and number of deaths was 1·3 million (1·2 million to 1·4 million). Annualised rates of change (ARC) for incidence, prevalence, and death became negative after 2000. Tuberculosis in HIV-negative individuals disproportionately occurs in men and boys (versus women and girls); 64·0% of cases (63·6 to 64·3) and 64·7% of deaths (60·8 to 70·3). Globally, malaria cases and deaths grew rapidly from 1990 reaching a peak of 232 million cases (143 million to 387 million) in 2003 and 1·2 million deaths (1·1 million to 1·4 million) in 2004. Since 2004, child deaths from malaria in sub-Saharan Africa have decreased by 31·5% (15·7 to 44·1). Outside of Africa, malaria mortality has been steadily decreasing since 1990.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;INTERPRETATION: &lt;/b&gt;Our estimates of the number of people living with HIV are 18·7% smaller than UNAIDS's estimates in 2012. The number of people living with malaria is larger than estimated by WHO. The number of people living with HIV, tuberculosis, or malaria have all decreased since 2000. At the global level, upward trends for malaria and HIV deaths have been reversed and declines in tuberculosis deaths have accelerated. 101 countries (74 of which are developing) still have increasing HIV incidence. Substantial progress since the Millennium Declaration is an encouraging sign of the effect of global action.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;FUNDING: &lt;/b&gt;Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9947</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25059949?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kassebaum, Nicholas J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bertozzi-Villa, Amelia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coggeshall, Megan S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shackelford, Katya A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steiner, 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size="100%">Yoon, Seok-Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Younis, Mustafa Z</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Chuanhua</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jin, Kim Yun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhao, Yong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zheng, Yingfeng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhou, Maigeng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhu, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zou, Xiao Nong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lopez, Alan D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Naghavi, Mohsen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murray, Christopher J L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lozano, Rafael</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lancet</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lancet</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Age Distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cause of Death</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HIV Infections</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maternal Mortality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models, Statistical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Organizational Objectives</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pregnancy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pregnancy Complications, Infectious</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Socioeconomic Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time Factors</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014 Sep 13</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">384</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">980-1004</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;BACKGROUND: &lt;/b&gt;The fifth Millennium Development Goal (MDG 5) established the goal of a 75% reduction in the maternal mortality ratio (MMR; number of maternal deaths per 100,000 livebirths) between 1990 and 2015. We aimed to measure levels and track trends in maternal mortality, the key causes contributing to maternal death, and timing of maternal death with respect to delivery.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;METHODS: &lt;/b&gt;We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) to analyse a database of data for 7065 site-years and estimate the number of maternal deaths from all causes in 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. We estimated the number of pregnancy-related deaths caused by HIV on the basis of a systematic review of the relative risk of dying during pregnancy for HIV-positive women compared with HIV-negative women. We also estimated the fraction of these deaths aggravated by pregnancy on the basis of a systematic review. To estimate the numbers of maternal deaths due to nine different causes, we identified 61 sources from a systematic review and 943 site-years of vital registration data. We also did a systematic review of reports about the timing of maternal death, identifying 142 sources to use in our analysis. We developed estimates for each country for 1990-2013 using Bayesian meta-regression. We estimated 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for all values.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;FINDINGS: &lt;/b&gt;292,982 (95% UI 261,017-327,792) maternal deaths occurred in 2013, compared with 376,034 (343,483-407,574) in 1990. The global annual rate of change in the MMR was -0·3% (-1·1 to 0·6) from 1990 to 2003, and -2·7% (-3·9 to -1·5) from 2003 to 2013, with evidence of continued acceleration. MMRs reduced consistently in south, east, and southeast Asia between 1990 and 2013, but maternal deaths increased in much of sub-Saharan Africa during the 1990s. 2070 (1290-2866) maternal deaths were related to HIV in 2013, 0·4% (0·2-0·6) of the global total. MMR was highest in the oldest age groups in both 1990 and 2013. In 2013, most deaths occurred intrapartum or postpartum. Causes varied by region and between 1990 and 2013. We recorded substantial variation in the MMR by country in 2013, from 956·8 (685·1-1262·8) in South Sudan to 2·4 (1·6-3·6) in Iceland.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;INTERPRETATION: &lt;/b&gt;Global rates of change suggest that only 16 countries will achieve the MDG 5 target by 2015. Accelerated reductions since the Millennium Declaration in 2000 coincide with increased development assistance for maternal, newborn, and child health. Setting of targets and associated interventions for after 2015 will need careful consideration of regions that are making slow progress, such as west and central Africa.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;FUNDING: &lt;/b&gt;Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9947</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24797575?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Haidong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liddell, Chelsea A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coates, Matthew M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mooney, Meghan D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Levitz, Carly E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schumacher, Austin E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apfel, Henry</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iannarone, Marissa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phillips, Bryan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lofgren, Katherine T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sandar, Logan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dorrington, Rob E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rakovac, Ivo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jacobs, Troy A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liang, Xiaofeng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhou, Maigeng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhu, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yang, Gonghuan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Yanping</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liu, Shiwei</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Yichong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ozgoren, Ayse Abbasoglu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abera, Semaw Ferede</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abubakar, Ibrahim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Achoki, Tom</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adelekan, Ademola</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ademi, Zanfina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allen, Peter J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AlMazroa, Mohammad AbdulAziz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alvarez, Elena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amankwaa, Adansi A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amare, Azmeraw T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ammar, Walid</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anwari, Palwasha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cunningham, Solveig Argeseanu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asad, Majed Masoud</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" 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D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dherani, Mukesh K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dilmen, Uğur</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ding, Eric L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edmond, Karen M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ermakov, Sergei Petrovich</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Farzadfar, Farshad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fijabi, Daniel Obadare</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foigt, Nataliya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forouzanfar, Mohammad H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garcia, 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Guohong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jonas, Jost B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juel, Knud</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kabagambe, Edmond Kato</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kazi, Dhruv S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kengne, Andre Pascal</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kereselidze, Maia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Khader, Yousef Saleh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Khalifa, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Khang, Young-Ho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Daniel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kinfu, Yohannes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kinge, Jonas M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kokubo, Yoshihiro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kosen, Soewarta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Defo, Barthelemy Kuate</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kumar, G Anil</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kumar, Kaushalendra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kumar, Ravi B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lai, Taavi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lan, Qing</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larsson, Anders</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, 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Lorenzo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Montico, Marcella</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moore, Ami R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moschandreas, Joanna</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Msemburi, William T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mueller, Ulrich O</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muszynska, Magdalena M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Naghavi, Mohsen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Naidoo, Kovin S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Narayan, K M Venkat</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nejjari, Chakib</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ng, 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size="100%">Sliwa, Karen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soshnikov, Sergey S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sposato, Luciano A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stathopoulou, Vasiliki Kalliopi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tabb, Karen M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Talongwa, Roberto Tchio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teixeira, Carolina Maria</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomson, Alan J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toyoshima, Hideaki</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uwaliraye, Parfait</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uzun, Selen Begüm</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vasankari, Tommi J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vollset, Stein Emil</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waller, Stephen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wan, Xia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weichenthal, Scott</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weiderpass, Elisabete</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weintraub, Robert G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Westerman, Ronny</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilkinson, James D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williams, Hywel C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yang, Yang C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yentur, Gokalp Kadri</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yip, Paul</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yonemoto, Naohiro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Younis, Mustafa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Chuanhua</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jin, Kim Yun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhu, Shankuan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vos, Theo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lopez, Alan D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murray, Christopher J L</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global, regional, and national levels of neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lancet</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lancet</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child Mortality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child, Preschool</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infant Mortality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infant, Newborn</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Organizational Objectives</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Socioeconomic Factors</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014 Sep 13</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">384</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">957-79</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;BACKGROUND: &lt;/b&gt;Remarkable financial and political efforts have been focused on the reduction of child mortality during the past few decades. Timely measurements of levels and trends in under-5 mortality are important to assess progress towards the Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG 4) target of reduction of child mortality by two thirds from 1990 to 2015, and to identify models of success.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;METHODS: &lt;/b&gt;We generated updated estimates of child mortality in early neonatal (age 0-6 days), late neonatal (7-28 days), postneonatal (29-364 days), childhood (1-4 years), and under-5 (0-4 years) age groups for 188 countries from 1970 to 2013, with more than 29,000 survey, census, vital registration, and sample registration datapoints. We used Gaussian process regression with adjustments for bias and non-sampling error to synthesise the data for under-5 mortality for each country, and a separate model to estimate mortality for more detailed age groups. We used explanatory mixed effects regression models to assess the association between under-5 mortality and income per person, maternal education, HIV child death rates, secular shifts, and other factors. To quantify the contribution of these different factors and birth numbers to the change in numbers of deaths in under-5 age groups from 1990 to 2013, we used Shapley decomposition. We used estimated rates of change between 2000 and 2013 to construct under-5 mortality rate scenarios out to 2030.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;FINDINGS: &lt;/b&gt;We estimated that 6·3 million (95% UI 6·0-6·6) children under-5 died in 2013, a 64% reduction from 17·6 million (17·1-18·1) in 1970. In 2013, child mortality rates ranged from 152·5 per 1000 livebirths (130·6-177·4) in Guinea-Bissau to 2·3 (1·8-2·9) per 1000 in Singapore. The annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2013 ranged from -6·8% to 0·1%. 99 of 188 countries, including 43 of 48 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, had faster decreases in child mortality during 2000-13 than during 1990-2000. In 2013, neonatal deaths accounted for 41·6% of under-5 deaths compared with 37·4% in 1990. Compared with 1990, in 2013, rising numbers of births, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, led to 1·4 million more child deaths, and rising income per person and maternal education led to 0·9 million and 2·2 million fewer deaths, respectively. Changes in secular trends led to 4·2 million fewer deaths. Unexplained factors accounted for only -1% of the change in child deaths. In 30 developing countries, decreases since 2000 have been faster than predicted attributable to income, education, and secular shift alone.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;INTERPRETATION: &lt;/b&gt;Only 27 developing countries are expected to achieve MDG 4. Decreases since 2000 in under-5 mortality rates are accelerating in many developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The Millennium Declaration and increased development assistance for health might have been a factor in faster decreases in some developing countries. Without further accelerated progress, many countries in west and central Africa will still have high levels of under-5 mortality in 2030.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;FUNDING: &lt;/b&gt;Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation, US Agency for International Development.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9947</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24797572?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record></records></xml>