<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, James J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wedow, Robbee</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okbay, Aysu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kong, Edward</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maghzian, Omeed</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zacher, Meghan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nguyen-Viet, Tuan Anh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bowers, Peter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sidorenko, Julia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karlsson Linnér, Richard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fontana, Mark Alan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kundu, Tushar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Chanwook</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Hui</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Ruoxi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Royer, Rebecca</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timshel, Pascal N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walters, Raymond K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Willoughby, Emily A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yengo, Loic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alver, Maris</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bao, Yanchun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clark, David W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Day, Felix R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Furlotte, Nicholas A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joshi, Peter K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kemper, Kathryn E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kleinman, Aaron</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Langenberg, Claudia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mägi, Reedik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trampush, Joey W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verma, Shefali Setia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wu, Yang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lam, Max</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhao, Jing Hua</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zheng, Zhili</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boardman, Jason D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campbell, Harry</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Freese, Jeremy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harris, Kathleen Mullan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hayward, Caroline</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herd, Pamela</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kumari, Meena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lencz, Todd</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luan, Jian'an</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malhotra, Anil K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metspalu, Andres</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milani, Lili</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ong, Ken K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perry, John R B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porteous, David J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ritchie, Marylyn D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smart, Melissa C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, Blair H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tung, Joyce Y</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wareham, Nicholas J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilson, James F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beauchamp, Jonathan P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conley, Dalton C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Esko, Tõnu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lehrer, Steven F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnusson, Patrik K E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oskarsson, Sven</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pers, Tune H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robinson, Matthew R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thom, Kevin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watson, Chelsea</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chabris, Christopher F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meyer, Michelle N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laibson, David I</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yang, Jian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johannesson, Magnus</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Koellinger, Philipp D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turley, Patrick</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visscher, Peter M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Benjamin, Daniel J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cesarini, David</style></author></authors><translated-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23andMe Research Team</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COGENT (Cognitive Genomics Consortium)</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Social Science Genetic Association Consortium</style></author></translated-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gene discovery and polygenic prediction from a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in 1.1 million individuals.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nat Genet</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nat. Genet.</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018 Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1112-1121</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Here we conducted a large-scale genetic association analysis of educational attainment in a sample of approximately 1.1 million individuals and identify 1,271 independent genome-wide-significant SNPs. For the SNPs taken together, we found evidence of heterogeneous effects across environments. The SNPs implicate genes involved in brain-development processes and neuron-to-neuron communication. In a separate analysis of the X chromosome, we identify 10 independent genome-wide-significant SNPs and estimate a SNP heritability of around 0.3% in both men and women, consistent with partial dosage compensation. A joint (multi-phenotype) analysis of educational attainment and three related cognitive phenotypes generates polygenic scores that explain 11-13% of the variance in educational attainment and 7-10% of the variance in cognitive performance. This prediction accuracy substantially increases the utility of polygenic scores as tools in research.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30038396?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okbay, Aysu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beauchamp, Jonathan P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fontana, Mark Alan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, James J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pers, Tune H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rietveld, Cornelius A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turley, Patrick</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Guo-Bo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emilsson, Valur</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meddens, S Fleur W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oskarsson, Sven</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pickrell, Joseph K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thom, Kevin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timshel, Pascal</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Vlaming, Ronald</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abdellaoui, Abdel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bacelis, Jonas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baumbach, Clemens</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bjornsdottir, Gyda</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brandsma, Johannes H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pina Concas, Maria</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Derringer, Jaime</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Furlotte, Nicholas A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Galesloot, Tessel E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Girotto, Giorgia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gupta, Richa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hall, Leanne M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harris, Sarah E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hofer, Edith</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Horikoshi, Momoko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huffman, Jennifer E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaasik, Kadri</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kalafati, Ioanna P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karlsson, Robert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kong, Augustine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lahti, Jari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van der Lee, Sven J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">deLeeuw, 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Johannes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ware, Erin B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Willemsen, Gonneke</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Attia, John R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bennett, David A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berger, Klaus</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bertram, Lars</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bisgaard, Hans</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boomsma, Dorret I</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borecki, Ingrid B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bültmann, Ute</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chabris, Christopher F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cucca, Francesco</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cusi, Daniele</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deary, Ian J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dedoussis, George V</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van Duijn, Cornelia M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eriksson, Johan G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Franke, Barbara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Franke, Lude</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gasparini, Paolo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gejman, Pablo V</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gieger, Christian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grabe, Hans-Jörgen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gratten, Jacob</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Groenen, Patrick J F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gudnason, Vilmundur</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van der Harst, Pim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hayward, Caroline</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hinds, David A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hoffmann, Wolfgang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hyppönen, Elina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iacono, William G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jacobsson, Bo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Järvelin, Marjo-Riitta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jöckel, Karl-Heinz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaprio, Jaakko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kardia, Sharon L R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lehtimäki, Terho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lehrer, Steven F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnusson, Patrik K E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin, Nicholas G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McGue, Matt</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metspalu, Andres</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pendleton, Neil</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penninx, Brenda W J H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perola, Markus</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pirastu, Nicola</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pirastu, Mario</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polasek, Ozren</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Posthuma, Danielle</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Power, Christine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Province, Michael A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samani, Nilesh J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlessinger, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schmidt, Reinhold</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sørensen, Thorkild I A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spector, Tim D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stefansson, Kari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thurik, A Roy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timpson, Nicholas J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tiemeier, Henning</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tung, Joyce Y</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uitterlinden, André G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vitart, Veronique</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vollenweider, Peter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weir, David R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilson, James F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wright, Alan F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conley, Dalton C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krueger, Robert F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davey Smith, George</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hofman, Albert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laibson, David I</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medland, Sarah E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meyer, Michelle N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yang, Jian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johannesson, Magnus</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visscher, Peter M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Esko, Tõnu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Koellinger, Philipp D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cesarini, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Benjamin, Daniel J</style></author></authors><translated-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LifeLines Cohort Study</style></author></translated-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alzheimer Disease</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bipolar Disorder</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cognition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computational Biology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Educational Status</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fetus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gene Expression Regulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gene-Environment Interaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genome-Wide Association Study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Great Britain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Sequence Annotation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schizophrenia</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016 May 26</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">533</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">539-42</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Educational attainment is strongly influenced by social and other environmental factors, but genetic factors are estimated to account for at least 20% of the variation across individuals. Here we report the results of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for educational attainment that extends our earlier discovery sample of 101,069 individuals to 293,723 individuals, and a replication study in an independent sample of 111,349 individuals from the UK Biobank. We identify 74 genome-wide significant loci associated with the number of years of schooling completed. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with educational attainment are disproportionately found in genomic regions regulating gene expression in the fetal brain. Candidate genes are preferentially expressed in neural tissue, especially during the prenatal period, and enriched for biological pathways involved in neural development. Our findings demonstrate that, even for a behavioural phenotype that is mostly environmentally determined, a well-powered GWAS identifies replicable associated genetic variants that suggest biologically relevant pathways. Because educational attainment is measured in large numbers of individuals, it will continue to be useful as a proxy phenotype in efforts to characterize the genetic influences of related phenotypes, including cognition and neuropsychiatric diseases.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7604</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27225129?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joshi, Peter K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Esko, Tõnu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mattsson, Hannele</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eklund, Niina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gandin, Ilaria</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nutile, Teresa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackson, Anne U</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schurmann, Claudia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, Albert V</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Weihua</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okada, Yukinori</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stančáková, Alena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Faul, Jessica D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhao, Wei</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bartz, Traci M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Concas, Maria Pina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Franceschini, Nora</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Enroth, Stefan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vitart, Veronique</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trompet, Stella</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guo, Xiuqing</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chasman, Daniel I</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O'Connel, Jeffrey R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corre, Tanguy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nongmaithem, Suraj S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Yuning</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mangino, Massimo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ruggiero, Daniela</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Traglia, Michela</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Farmaki, Aliki-Eleni</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kacprowski, Tim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bjonnes, Andrew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van der Spek, Ashley</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wu, Ying</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Giri, Anil K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yanek, Lisa R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Lihua</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hofer, Edith</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rietveld, Cornelius A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McLeod, Olga</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cornelis, Marilyn C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pattaro, Cristian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verweij, Niek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baumbach, Clemens</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abdellaoui, Abdel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Warren, Helen R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vuckovic, Dragana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mei, Hao</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bouchard, Claude</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perry, John R B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cappellani, Stefania</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mirza, Saira S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Benton, Miles C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Broeckel, Ulrich</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medland, Sarah E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lind, Penelope A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malerba, Giovanni</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drong, Alexander</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yengo, Loic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bielak, Lawrence F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhi, Degui</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van der Most, Peter J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shriner, Daniel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mägi, Reedik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemani, Gibran</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karaderi, Tugce</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Zhaoming</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liu, Tian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Demuth, Ilja</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhao, Jing Hua</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meng, Weihua</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lataniotis, Lazaros</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van der Laan, Sander W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bradfield, Jonathan P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood, Andrew R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bonnefond, Amelie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hall, Leanne M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Salvi, Erika</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yazar, Seyhan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carstensen, Lisbeth</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Haan, Hugoline G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abney, Mark</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Afzal, Uzma</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allison, Matthew A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amin, Najaf</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asselbergs, Folkert W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bakker, Stephan J L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barr, R Graham</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baumeister, Sebastian E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Benjamin, Daniel J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bergmann, Sven</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boerwinkle, Eric</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bottinger, Erwin P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campbell, Archie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chakravarti, Aravinda</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chan, Yingleong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chanock, Stephen J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Constance</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Y-D Ida</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collins, Francis S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Connell, John</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correa, Adolfo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cupples, L Adrienne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, George Davey</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davies, Gail</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dörr, Marcus</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ehret, Georg</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ellis, Stephen B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feenstra, Bjarke</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feitosa, Mary F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ford, Ian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fox, Caroline S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frayling, Timothy M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Friedrich, Nele</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geller, Frank</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scotland, Generation</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gillham-Nasenya, Irina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gottesman, Omri</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graff, Misa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grodstein, Francine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gu, Charles</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haley, Chris</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hammond, Christopher J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harris, Sarah E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harris, Tamara B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hastie, Nicholas D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heard-Costa, Nancy L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heikkilä, Kauko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hocking, Lynne J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Homuth, Georg</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hottenga, Jouke-Jan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huang, Jinyan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huffman, Jennifer E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hysi, Pirro G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ikram, M Arfan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ingelsson, Erik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joensuu, Anni</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johansson, Åsa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jousilahti, Pekka</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jukema, J Wouter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kähönen, Mika</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kamatani, Yoichiro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kanoni, Stavroula</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kerr, Shona M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Khan, Nazir M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Koellinger, Philipp</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Koistinen, Heikki A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kooner, Manraj K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kubo, Michiaki</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kuusisto, Johanna</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lahti, Jari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Launer, Lenore J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lea, Rodney A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lehne, Benjamin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lehtimäki, Terho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liewald, David C M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lind, Lars</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loh, Marie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lokki, Marja-Liisa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">London, Stephanie 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Erkki</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Becker, Diane M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bharadwaj, Dwaipayan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohlke, Karen L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boehnke, Michael</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van Duijn, Cornelia M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sanghera, Dharambir K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teumer, Alexander</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zeggini, Eleftheria</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metspalu, Andres</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gasparini, Paolo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ulivi, Sheila</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ober, Carole</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toniolo, Daniela</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rudan, Igor</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porteous, David J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ciullo, Marina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spector, Tim D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hayward, Caroline</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dupuis, Josée</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loos, Ruth J F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wright, Alan F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chandak, Giriraj R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vollenweider, Peter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shuldiner, Alan R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ridker, Paul M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rotter, Jerome I</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sattar, Naveed</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gyllensten, Ulf</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">North, Kari E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pirastu, Mario</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psaty, Bruce M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weir, David R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laakso, Markku</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gudnason, Vilmundur</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Takahashi, Atsushi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chambers, John C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kooner, Jaspal S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strachan, David P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campbell, Harry</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hirschhorn, Joel N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perola, Markus</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polasek, Ozren</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilson, James F</style></author></authors><translated-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BioBank Japan Project</style></author></translated-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Directional dominance on stature and cognition in diverse human populations.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Evolution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood Pressure</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Body Height</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cholesterol, LDL</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cognition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cohort Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Educational Status</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forced Expiratory Volume</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genome, Human</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Homozygote</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lung Volume Measurements</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenotype</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015 Jul 23</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">523</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">459-62</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Homozygosity has long been associated with rare, often devastating, Mendelian disorders, and Darwin was one of the first to recognize that inbreeding reduces evolutionary fitness. However, the effect of the more distant parental relatedness that is common in modern human populations is less well understood. Genomic data now allow us to investigate the effects of homozygosity on traits of public health importance by observing contiguous homozygous segments (runs of homozygosity), which are inferred to be homozygous along their complete length. Given the low levels of genome-wide homozygosity prevalent in most human populations, information is required on very large numbers of people to provide sufficient power. Here we use runs of homozygosity to study 16 health-related quantitative traits in 354,224 individuals from 102 cohorts, and find statistically significant associations between summed runs of homozygosity and four complex traits: height, forced expiratory lung volume in one second, general cognitive ability and educational attainment (P &lt; 1 × 10(-300), 2.1 × 10(-6), 2.5 × 10(-10) and 1.8 × 10(-10), respectively). In each case, increased homozygosity was associated with decreased trait value, equivalent to the offspring of first cousins being 1.2 cm shorter and having 10 months' less education. Similar effect sizes were found across four continental groups and populations with different degrees of genome-wide homozygosity, providing evidence that homozygosity, rather than confounding, directly contributes to phenotypic variance. Contrary to earlier reports in substantially smaller samples, no evidence was seen of an influence of genome-wide homozygosity on blood pressure and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, or ten other cardio-metabolic traits. Since directional dominance is predicted for traits under directional evolutionary selection, this study provides evidence that increased stature and cognitive function have been positively selected in human evolution, whereas many important risk factors for late-onset complex diseases may not have been.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7561</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26131930?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record></records></xml>