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Ruoyan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tonelli, Marcello</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tran, Bach Xuan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Troeger, Christopher</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ukwaja, Kingsley N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uthman, Olalekan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vasankari, Tommi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weiderpass, Elisabete</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weintraub, Robert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gebrehiwot, Solomon Weldemariam</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Westerman, Ronny</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williams, Hywel C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wolfe, Charles D A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Woodbrook, Rachel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yano, Yuichiro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yonemoto, Naohiro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yoon, Seok-Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Younis, Mustafa Z</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Chuanhua</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zegeye, Elias Asfaw</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murray, Christopher J L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vos, Theo</style></author></authors><translated-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Burden of Disease Child and Adolescent Health Collaboration</style></author></translated-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child and Adolescent Health From 1990 to 2015: Findings From the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2015 Study.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JAMA Pediatr</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JAMA Pediatr</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescent Health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Age Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cause of Death</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child Health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Child Mortality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disabled Children</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Burden of Disease</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pregnancy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pregnancy Complications</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risk Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sex Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wounds and Injuries</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017 Jun 01</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">171</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">573-592</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Importance: &lt;/b&gt;Comprehensive and timely monitoring of disease burden in all age groups, including children and adolescents, is essential for improving population health.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Objective: &lt;/b&gt;To quantify and describe levels and trends of mortality and nonfatal health outcomes among children and adolescents from 1990 to 2015 to provide a framework for policy discussion.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Evidence Review: &lt;/b&gt;Cause-specific mortality and nonfatal health outcomes were analyzed for 195 countries and territories by age group, sex, and year from 1990 to 2015 using standardized approaches for data processing and statistical modeling, with subsequent analysis of the findings to describe levels and trends across geography and time among children and adolescents 19 years or younger. A composite indicator of income, education, and fertility was developed (Socio-demographic Index [SDI]) for each geographic unit and year, which evaluates the historical association between SDI and health loss.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Findings: &lt;/b&gt;Global child and adolescent mortality decreased from 14.18 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 14.09 million to 14.28 million) deaths in 1990 to 7.26 million (95% UI, 7.14 million to 7.39 million) deaths in 2015, but progress has been unevenly distributed. Countries with a lower SDI had a larger proportion of mortality burden (75%) in 2015 than was the case in 1990 (61%). Most deaths in 2015 occurred in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Global trends were driven by reductions in mortality owing to infectious, nutritional, and neonatal disorders, which in the aggregate led to a relative increase in the importance of noncommunicable diseases and injuries in explaining global disease burden. The absolute burden of disability in children and adolescents increased 4.3% (95% UI, 3.1%-5.6%) from 1990 to 2015, with much of the increase owing to population growth and improved survival for children and adolescents to older ages. Other than infectious conditions, many top causes of disability are associated with long-term sequelae of conditions present at birth (eg, neonatal disorders, congenital birth defects, and hemoglobinopathies) and complications of a variety of infections and nutritional deficiencies. Anemia, developmental intellectual disability, hearing loss, epilepsy, and vision loss are important contributors to childhood disability that can arise from multiple causes. Maternal and reproductive health remains a key cause of disease burden in adolescent females, especially in lower-SDI countries. In low-SDI countries, mortality is the primary driver of health loss for children and adolescents, whereas disability predominates in higher-SDI locations; the specific pattern of epidemiological transition varies across diseases and injuries.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions and Relevance: &lt;/b&gt;Consistent international attention and investment have led to sustained improvements in causes of health loss among children and adolescents in many countries, although progress has been uneven. The persistence of infectious diseases in some countries, coupled with ongoing epidemiologic transition to injuries and noncommunicable diseases, require all countries to carefully evaluate and implement appropriate strategies to maximize the health of their children and adolescents and for the international community to carefully consider which elements of child and adolescent health should be monitored.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28384795?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murray, Christopher J L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barber, Ryan M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foreman, Kyle J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abbasoglu Ozgoren, Ayse</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abd-Allah, Foad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abera, Semaw F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aboyans, Victor</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abraham, Jerry P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abubakar, Ibrahim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abu-Raddad, Laith J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Achoki, Tom</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ackerman, Ilana N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ademi, Zanfina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adou, Arsène K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adsuar, José C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Afshin, Ashkan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agardh, Emilie E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alam, Sayed Saidul</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alasfoor, Deena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Albittar, Mohammed I</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alegretti, Miguel A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alemu, Zewdie A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alhabib, Samia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ali, Raghib</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alla, François</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allebeck, Peter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AlMazroa, Mohammad A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alsharif, Ubai</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alvarez, Elena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alvis-Guzmán, Nelson</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amare, Azmeraw T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ameh, Emmanuel A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amini, Heresh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ammar, 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D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blyth, Fiona M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bohensky, Megan A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bolliger, Ian W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bora Başara, Berrak</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bornstein, Natan M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bose, Dipan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boufous, Soufiane</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bourne, Rupert R A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boyers, Lindsay N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brainin, Michael</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brayne, Carol 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Anne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulloch, Andrew G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campos-Nonato, Ismael R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carabin, Hélène</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carapetis, Jonathan R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cárdenas, Rosario</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carpenter, David O</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caso, Valeria</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Castro, Ruben E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Catalá-López, Ferrán</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cavalleri, Fiorella</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cavlin, Alanur</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chadha, Vineet K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chang, Jung-Chen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Charlson, Fiona J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Honglei</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Wanqing</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chiang, Peggy P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chowdhury, Rajiv</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christensen, Hanne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christophi, Costas A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cirillo, Massimo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coates, Matthew M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coffeng, Luc E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coggeshall, Megan S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colistro, Valentina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colquhoun, Samantha M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cooke, Graham S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cooper, Cyrus</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cooper, Leslie T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coppola, Luis M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cortinovis, Monica</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Criqui, Michael H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crump, John A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuevas-Nasu, Lucia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Danawi, Hadi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dandona, Lalit</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dandona, Rakhi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dansereau, Emily</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dargan, Paul I</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davey, Gail</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davis, Adrian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davitoiu, Dragos V</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dayama, Anand</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">De Leo, Diego</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Degenhardt, Louisa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">del Pozo-Cruz, Borja</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dellavalle, Robert P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deribe, Kebede</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Derrett, Sarah</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Des Jarlais, Don C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dessalegn, Muluken</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dharmaratne, Samath D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dherani, Mukesh K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diaz-Torné, Cesar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dicker, Daniel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ding, Eric L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dokova, Klara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dorsey, E Ray</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Driscoll, Tim R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duan, Leilei</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duber, Herbert C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ebel, Beth E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edmond, Karen M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elshrek, Yousef M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endres, Matthias</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ermakov, Sergey P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erskine, Holly E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eshrati, Babak</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Esteghamati, Alireza</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estep, Kara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Faraon, Emerito Jose A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Farzadfar, Farshad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fay, Derek F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feigin, Valery L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Felson, David T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandes, Jefferson G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferrari, Alize J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fitzmaurice, Christina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flaxman, Abraham D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fleming, Thomas D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foigt, Nataliya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forouzanfar, Mohammad H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fowkes, F Gerry R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paleo, Urbano Fra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Franklin, Richard 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Hector</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gona, Philimon</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gonzalez-Medina, Diego</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gosselin, Richard A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gotay, Carolyn C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goto, Atsushi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gouda, Hebe N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graetz, Nicholas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gugnani, Harish C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gupta, Rahul</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gupta, Rajeev</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gutiérrez, Reyna 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font="default" size="100%">Soshnikov, Sergey</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sposato, Luciano A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stanaway, Jeffrey D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stathopoulou, Vasiliki</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stein, Dan J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stein, Murray B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steiner, Caitlyn</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steiner, Timothy J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stevens, Antony</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stewart, Andrea</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stovner, Lars J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sunguya, Bruno F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swaminathan, Soumya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swaroop, Mamta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sykes, Bryan L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tabb, Karen M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Takahashi, Ken</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tandon, Nikhil</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tanne, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tanner, Marcel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tavakkoli, Mohammad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taylor, Hugh R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Te Ao, Braden J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tediosi, Fabrizio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temesgen, Awoke M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Templin, Tara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ten Have, Margreet</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tenkorang, Eric Y</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terkawi, Abdullah S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomson, Blake</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" 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Scott</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weiderpass, Elisabete</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weintraub, Robert G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wenzhi, Wang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Werdecker, Andrea</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Westerman, Ronny</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whiteford, Harvey A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilkinson, James D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williams, Thomas N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wolfe, Charles D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wolock, Timothy M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Woolf, Anthony D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wulf, Sarah</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wurtz, Brittany</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xu, Gelin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yan, Lijing L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yano, Yuichiro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ye, Pengpeng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yentür, Gökalp K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yip, Paul</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yonemoto, Naohiro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yoon, Seok-Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Younis, Mustafa Z</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, Chuanhua</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zaki, Maysaa E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhao, Yong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zheng, Yingfeng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zonies, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zou, Xiaonong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Salomon, Joshua A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lopez, Alan D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vos, Theo</style></author></authors><translated-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GBD 2013 DALYs and HALE Collaborators</style></author></translated-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990-2013: quantifying the epidemiological transition.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lancet</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lancet</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chronic Disease</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Communicable Diseases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Health Transition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Life Expectancy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mortality, Premature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality-Adjusted Life Years</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Socioeconomic Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wounds and Injuries</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015 Nov 28</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">386</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2145-91</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;BACKGROUND: &lt;/b&gt;The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) aims to bring together all available epidemiological data using a coherent measurement framework, standardised estimation methods, and transparent data sources to enable comparisons of health loss over time and across causes, age-sex groups, and countries. The GBD can be used to generate summary measures such as disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) that make possible comparative assessments of broad epidemiological patterns across countries and time. These summary measures can also be used to quantify the component of variation in epidemiology that is related to sociodemographic development.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;METHODS: &lt;/b&gt;We used the published GBD 2013 data for age-specific mortality, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) to calculate DALYs and HALE for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2013 for 188 countries. We calculated HALE using the Sullivan method; 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) represent uncertainty in age-specific death rates and YLDs per person for each country, age, sex, and year. We estimated DALYs for 306 causes for each country as the sum of YLLs and YLDs; 95% UIs represent uncertainty in YLL and YLD rates. We quantified patterns of the epidemiological transition with a composite indicator of sociodemographic status, which we constructed from income per person, average years of schooling after age 15 years, and the total fertility rate and mean age of the population. We applied hierarchical regression to DALY rates by cause across countries to decompose variance related to the sociodemographic status variable, country, and time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;FINDINGS: &lt;/b&gt;Worldwide, from 1990 to 2013, life expectancy at birth rose by 6·2 years (95% UI 5·6-6·6), from 65·3 years (65·0-65·6) in 1990 to 71·5 years (71·0-71·9) in 2013, HALE at birth rose by 5·4 years (4·9-5·8), from 56·9 years (54·5-59·1) to 62·3 years (59·7-64·8), total DALYs fell by 3·6% (0·3-7·4), and age-standardised DALY rates per 100 000 people fell by 26·7% (24·6-29·1). For communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, global DALY numbers, crude rates, and age-standardised rates have all declined between 1990 and 2013, whereas for non-communicable diseases, global DALYs have been increasing, DALY rates have remained nearly constant, and age-standardised DALY rates declined during the same period. From 2005 to 2013, the number of DALYs increased for most specific non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, in addition to dengue, food-borne trematodes, and leishmaniasis; DALYs decreased for nearly all other causes. By 2013, the five leading causes of DALYs were ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, cerebrovascular disease, low back and neck pain, and road injuries. Sociodemographic status explained more than 50% of the variance between countries and over time for diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; maternal disorders; neonatal disorders; nutritional deficiencies; other communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases; musculoskeletal disorders; and other non-communicable diseases. However, sociodemographic status explained less than 10% of the variance in DALY rates for cardiovascular diseases; chronic respiratory diseases; cirrhosis; diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases; unintentional injuries; and self-harm and interpersonal violence. Predictably, increased sociodemographic status was associated with a shift in burden from YLLs to YLDs, driven by declines in YLLs and increases in YLDs from musculoskeletal disorders, neurological disorders, and mental and substance use disorders. In most country-specific estimates, the increase in life expectancy was greater than that in HALE. Leading causes of DALYs are highly variable across countries.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;INTERPRETATION: &lt;/b&gt;Global health is improving. Population growth and ageing have driven up numbers of DALYs, but crude rates have remained relatively constant, showing that progress in health does not mean fewer demands on health systems. The notion of an epidemiological transition--in which increasing sociodemographic status brings structured change in disease burden--is useful, but there is tremendous variation in burden of disease that is not associated with sociodemographic status. This further underscores the need for country-specific assessments of DALYs and HALE to appropriately inform health policy decisions and attendant actions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;FUNDING: &lt;/b&gt;Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10009</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26321261?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record></records></xml>